Exercise on PRESENT PARTICPLE PHRASES

PRACTICE: PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

A. Complete these sentences by supplying a PARTICIPLE PHRASE (as Adjective): At the zoo I watched a monkey ............ .......... ........... ...... Jack wants to paint an athlete ........... ....... .......... ............ .... Anyone......... ......... ...... ........ ....... ... should talk to the Registrar. The police want to interview anyone ...... ............. .......... ........ Do you know the girl ........... .......... ........ ........ .... ...... ......... ? The men ...... ........ ......... ....... ......... ........ ........... are pickets. The match ...... .......... .............. ..... ......... ....... .............. is a semi-final. We caught the criminal ........ ......... ........ . ...... ....... ....... .. I saw some boys ....... ......... ....... ....... ........... .......... .......... .... I watched a bonfire ....... ........ ........ ....... ..... .... ...... .............. B. Join these sentences first with TIME CLAUSES beginning with "after" and "when"; then with PARTICIPLE PHRASES beginning with "after", "after having", and "having": 1. The police pursued the escapee through the streets of Goulburn. They recaptured him. a. b. c. d. 2 Charles Kingsford Smith flew across the Pacific. He became a national hero. a. b. c. d. 3 Caroline Chisholm brought about improvements in migrants' conditions. She then turned her attention to the goldflelds. a. b. c. d. 4 Peter made some excellent pikelets. Then he gave them all away to his mates a. b. c. d.

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PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASES

Present Participle adalah bentuk V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai adjective atau adverb.
Present Participle Phrase adalah bentuk V-ing yang diikuti oleh object atau adverb
dari V-ing tesebut. Fungsinya sama yaitu sebagai adjective atau adverb. Participial
phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adjective asalnya dari adjective clause. Participial
phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adverb asalnya dari adverb clause.

Example:

A student hoping to finish college in three years must work very hard.	participle phrase as an adjective modifying 'A student'.
Walking along the street, I met my first boyfriend.	participle phrase as adverb

PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADJECTIVE

You can join ideas by means of PARTICIPLE PHRASES :

Look at these two ideas:

I photographed the girl. She was sleeping on the grass.

You can join them in these two ways:

I photographed the girl who was sleeping on the grass. (CLAUSE).

I photographed the girl sleeping on the grass. (PHRASE).

OTHER EXAMPLES

I know the student waiting at the bus stop.

The game being played is the last for the season.

Anyone hoping to study abroad needs a high TOEFL Score.

The course being offered is very difficult.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADVERB

You can also make PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASES for your sentences with

"after" and "before".

Look at these two sentences:

Patricia paid for the video. She had no money left for her bus fare.

These two ideas can be joined in different ways:

WITH CLAUSES

After she had paid for the video, Patricia had no money left for her bus fare home.

WITH PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASES

After paying for the video, Patricia had no money left for the bus fare home.

WITH ANOTHER KIND OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASES

After having paid for the video, Patricia had no money for the bus fare home.

WITH ANOTHER KIND OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASES

Having paid for the video, Patricia had no money left for the bus fare home.

OTHER EXAMPLES

Hoping to win the race, de Castella quickened his pace.

Tom has spent many years studying the Vietnamese classics.

After doing the dishes, I finally started on my homework.

Not wanting to offend them, I accepted their invitation.

Having worked hard all term, I felt I needed a break.

While working on the Aborigine settlement, Tom learned Pitjanjatjara.

>>>> Practice

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PRACTICE: GERUND PHRASE

PRACTICE: GERUND PHRASE

A. Check the Gerund Phrase in the following sentences. Tell about the position of the gerund in each sentence (Subj, Obj, Obj of Prep, Complement) and how the gerund phrase is formed (Gerund + ....). Playing with guns is dangerous. The shooting of the birds by illegal hunters caused extinction. By repairing the TV set by himself, he saved a lot of money. The refugee grieved at having left his wife and children behind. He suggested eating dinner at the airport. We thank them for making such a generous contribution. She is afraid of walking by herself late at night. I cannot tolerate his constant complaining about everything. The money for traveling around the country was soon used up. B. Complete these sentences. All the gerund (phrases) function a subject. Riding a bicycle is .......... .......... .......... ............. .............. ............ ............ ........... Driving a car is ............ ....... ............. .......... ............. ............ .......... .......... ....... Understanding calculus requires ........... ........... ........... ........ ........... ....... ....... Speeding is ......... ........... ........... ......... ......... ......... ....... ........... ........ ........... ... Getting into debt would be ....... ........... ........ ........ ......... ........ ......... ..... ........ ... Swimming out too far would be ......... ............. ......... ........ .......... ......... ...... ......

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GERUND PHRASE

GERUND PHRASE

Gerund adalah Verb+ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda atau kata kerja yang dibendakan. Sebagai kata benda ia bisa berkedudukan sebagai Subject, Complement, Object of Verb, dan Object of Preposition. Karena asalnya dari kata kerja (Verb), dia tetap memiliki sifat sebagai Verb, seperti bisa memiliki Object, dan/atau Adverb (keterangan). Singkatnya: Gerund = (Ving sebagai Noun) Gerund Phrase adalah bentuk Gerund yang diikuti oleh object dan/atau Adverb dari Gerund tersebut. Gerund Phrase = (Gerund + Object / Adverb/ prepositional Phrase). See 'Gerund' in the following Sentences: 1. Swimming spends lot of energy. (Subject) 2. My hobby is swimming. (Complement) 3. I like swimming. (Object) 4. I am afraid of swimming. (Object of preposition) See 'Gerund Phrase' in the following sentences: 1. (Fishing in the lake) is forbidden. Gerund + Adverb 2. (Bringing up that subject) will only cause trouble. Gerund +Object 3. (The shooting of the birds) caused a great extinction. Gerund + prep. Phrs 4. (Reading comics every day) is not good. Gerund +Obj. +Adv. >>>>Practice

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TENSES

	TENSES
TENSES: Special verb endings or accompanying auxiliary verbs signal the time an event takes palce. Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk verbs yang disebabkan oleh waktu kejadian. Secara garis besar waktu kejadian dapat dibedakan menjadi PRESENT dan PAST. Examples: Susi goes to campus by bus. Simple PRESENT I went to Jakarta last week. Simple PAST He is reading newspaper. PRESENT progressive tense He was reading newpaper. PAST progressive tense
1. Simple Present Tense
Simple present Tense berfungsi untuk menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu peristiwa/ kejadian yang bersifat kebiasaan, yang berulang-ulang, yang permanent / terus-menerus (habits, routines, repeated actions, permanent actions, general truth). EXAMPLES: My sister lives in Jakarta. (permanent) My boyfriend comes here every Sunday. (repeated actions) The earth goes around the sun. (general truth) Pola kalimat: Subject Verb They, we, you, I Verb-1 He, She, It Verb+es Keterangan waktu yang sering dipakai: every, once a day, twice a week, three times a month; always, often, usually, sometimes
2. Simple Past Tense
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/ kejadian yang dilakukan/ terjadi di waktu lampau. Subject + Verb-2 Setiawan went to Spain last year. Maria did her work last night. She was sick yesterday Keterangan waktu: last ……, …..ago, yesterday, this morning, just now, in 1994, etc
3. Present Continuous Tense
Present Progressive Tense atau Present Continuous Tense bisa digunakan untuk: Menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang ini. Rita is watching television. Listen! She is singing a good song. Menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi segera. Subject + to be (is/ am/ are) + Veb-ing Setiawan is leaving for Singapore tomorrow. I am coming to your house soon. Keterangan waktu : Now, right now, at present, at this moment, for the time being; Listen! Shhh! Look!, etc
4. Past Continuous Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung di waktu lampau pada saat kejadian/ kegiatan lain terjadi. S + was / were + V-ing When + (simple past ), past continuous Past continuous + when + past tense The engine was running when it suddenly stopped. When Rina came home, Susi was watching television. Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan yang berlangsung bersamaan di waktu lampau. (past continuous) + while + (past continuous) While + (past continuous), + (past continuous) Rina was watching television while Susi was reading a book. While Susi was reading a book, Rina was watching television.
5. Simple Future Tense
Digunakan untuk menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang. S + will/ shall + V1 S + is/ am/ are + going to + V1 Catatan : ‘shall’ = umumnya dipakai untuk subyek ‘I’ dan ‘We’ ‘will’ = bisa digunakan untuk semua subyek. Shall/ will = ‘akan’ yang tidak terencana, akan terjadi bilamana suatu kondisi tertentu terpenuhi. To be + going to = ‘akan’ yang sudah terencana atau sudah pasti. I shall meet you tomorrow. I will go and shut it. He will come if I ask him. Look at those black cloud! It is going to rain. Oh, I feel terrible. I think I am going to be sick.
6. Future Continuous Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yanga akan sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang. S + will/ shall + be + V-ing Football begins at 5.30 and ends at 9.15. Tom will be watching the match at 8.30. This time next week I will be sailing to Netherland. Keterangan waktu: this time next ……, at 7 o’clock, tomorrow
7. Present Perfect Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah selesai dilaksanakan. Atau Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan sekarang sudah selesai. S + have/ has + Verb-3 We have already written our reports. Rita has already read the entire book. Keterangn waktu pada pola ini: for, since, already, yet, lately, recently
8. Past Perfect Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/ tindakan yang telah dilakukan di waktu lampau ketika peristiwa lain juga terjadi . Atau pola ini untuk menjelaskan dua kejadian dimana kejadian pertama mendahului kejadian kedua. S + had + V3 (Past perfect Tense) + before + (Simple Past Tense) Rina had gone to the store before she went home. Before + (Simple Past Tense ), + ( Past perfect Tense ) Before Rina went to campus, she had had her breakfast. After + (Past perfect Tense ) + ( Simple Past Tense ) After Rina had had her breakfast, she went to campus. (Simple Past Tense) + After + (Past perfect Tense ) Rina went to campus after she had had her breakfast.
8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulainya pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. S + have/ has + been+ V-ing Gunawan has been working in Bandung for three years. Over the past few years medical doctors have been searching for a drug to control the AIDS virus. One of my friends has been working in this company since he graduated. All these years, Rita’s family has been living in poverty.
9. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah dilakukan pada waktu lampau dan kegiatan itu terus berlangsung ketika peristiwa/ kegiatan lain juga terjadi. Atau pola kalimat ini untuk menjelaskan dua kejadian dimana kejadian pertama lebih dulu terjadi dan masih berlangsung hingga muncul kejadian kedua. S + had been + V-ing Kate had been living in New York for ten years before she moved to Boston. Setiawan had been working in the electronic company for five years before he got a new job here. I had been waiting for a bus for twenty minutes when I met Mr. Rudy.
10. Future Perfect Tense
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan/ aktivitas yang terjadi dan selesai pada saat kegiatan lain berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang. S + will/ shall + be + V3 By the time we come home, the boys will have finished their homework. I can lend you the book next week because by the time I will have finished reading it. By the end of this week, I will have been back from Malaysia.
11. Future Perfect Continuous
Pada dasarnya sama dengan future perfect, hanya saja tense ini lebih menekankan pada saat terjadinya peristiwa. Tense ini umumnya mengisyaratkan suatu peristiwa berdurasi di waktu mendatang. S + will/ shall + have + been + V-ing Yuni will have been studying all next week.” I will have been living here for ten years by the end of this year.
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Practice on VerbPhrase

VERB PHRASE

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Saya akan datang kerumahmu besok pagi.
2. Lantai ruangan ini dibersihkan setiap hari.
3. Anak-anak sedang menonton televisi di ruang tamu.
4. Kita sudah menyelesaikan semua tugas tugas bahasa Inggris.
5. Hasil ujian akan diumumkan empat hari lagi.
6. Sepeda motorku sudah dijual.
7. Kita sudah (sedang) belajar bahasa Inggris selama lebih dari lima tahun.
8. Salah satu pelamar kerja sedang diwawancarai oleh direktur perusahaan.
9. Anda seharusnya sudah memberitahu informasi ini kepada seluruh mahasiswa.
10. Informasi ini seharusnya sudah diberitahukan kepada seluruh mahasiswa. Read More......

VERB PHRASE

VERB PHRASE

Verb dalam suatu kalimat bisa single (sendiri) atau dalam kelompok (phrase). Sebagai contoh untuk menceritakan sesuatu yang bersifat kebiasaan (habit, routines), kita menggunakan Verb-1 atau Verb+es saja. Tetapi, untuk menceritakan sesuatu yang sedang berlangsung (dalam proses) kita menggunakan 'to be + V-ing' dan gabungan itu dinamakan verb phrase. Verb phrase yang dimaksud disini adalah gabungan antara dua unsur atau lebih dari modal, perfect, to be, dan main verb. He plays football everyday. (Single Verb) They are playing football now. (Verb Phrase) 1. MODAL 2. PERFECT 3. TO BE (Active) 4. TO BE (Passive) 5. MAIN VERB can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, have/has/had to, ought to, have, has, had is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being. is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being a. Verb-1 b. Verb-ing c. Verb-3 Berikut aturan umumnya: Modal diikuti Verb1 Perfect diikuti oleh Verb-3 To Be diikuti oleh V-ing jika bermakna aktif (sedang). To Be diikuti Verb-3 jika bermakna pasif (di../ter....) Urutan penyusunan selalu mengutamakan yang bernomor kecil terlebih dulu. Dalam kalimat yang bermakna 'sedang di ..' menggunakan 2 'to be', yang kedua pasti 'being' Perhatikan pengunaan Verb Phrase dalam kalimat-kalimat berikut: 1. He can repair his own bike. (1+5a) Dia dapat memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri. 2. He has repaired his own bike. (2+5c) Dia sudah memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri. 3. He is repairing his own bike. (3+5b) Dia sedang memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri. 4. The bike was repaired by him. (3+5c) Sepeda itu diperbaiki oleh diai. 5. He will be repairing the bike. (1+3+5b) Dia akan sedang memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri. 6. The bike will be repaired by him. (1+3+5c) Sepeda itu akan diperbaiki oleh dia. 7. He has been repairing his own bike (2+3+5b) Dia sudah sedang memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri. 8. The bike has been repaired. (2+3+5c) Sepeda itu sudah diperbaiki. 9. The bike is being repaired. (3+4+5b) Sepeda itu sedang diperbaiki. 10. He should have been repairing his own bike. (1+2+3+5b) Dia seharusnya sudah sedang memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri. 11. The bike should have been repaired. (1+2+4+5c) Sepeda itu seharusnya sudah diperbaiki. 12. The bike will be being repaired. (1+3+4+5c) Sepeda itu akan sedang diperbaiki. 13. The bike should be being repaired. (2+3+4+5c) Sepeda itu seharusnya sedang diperbaiki sepedanya sendiri. 14. The bike should have been being repaired. (1+2+3+4+5c) Dari beberapa kombinasi 'Verb Phrase' tersebut diatas, sebagian Verb Phrase memiliki frekuensi pemakaian yang tinggi, sedangkan yang lainnya mungkin lebih jarang. Pembentukan 'Verb Phrase' selalu berkaitan dengan waktu (Tenses).

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Practice on Noun Phrase

A. Analyze and indetify the components that modify NOUN HEAD, then translate into Indonesian!

Example:

Some beautiful ladies	beberapa gadis cantik. = (article+adjective+Noun Head) or (1+2+Noun)
Tourists from Japan	Turis-turis dari Jepang. = (Noun+prep phrase) or (Noun + 6)

1. Many challenging problems
2. A letter from my father
3. The expected result
4. Things made in Japan
5. A written test
6. Freedom to speak
7. A chemical process
8. A fried chicken
9. The world food resources
10. The other living creatures on the earth
11. Wild plants growing in the forest
12. Soft skin powder
13. The scientific solutions to the problems.
14. Some problems discussed before
15. A woman to take care of the baby
16. People working in the factory
17. The smell of the drinks
18. Nothing to eat
19. The will to develop
20. A psychological approach to the problem
21. Fertile land forming the main food supplier
22. His new ideas stated in the conference
23. The chapters to be taught
24. The government's attempts to improve the socio-economic condition of the people
25. More serious attention to the prevention of this irresponsible practice
26. Some crucial and complicated world problems existing in the 20th century.
27. The books which we bought last night
28. Some differences that we know
29. Experts who can assist us in the development of modern technology.
30. The lady whom we met last night
31. The man whose wife is working here
32. The process how cells multiply themselves
33. The place where I was born
34. The reason why the government always changes its policy

B. Make those Noun Phrases in part A into a complete sentences

Practice 2: Noun Phrase

A. Arrange each of the word-groups in parentheses below in the CORRECT ORDER to form the APPROPRIATE SUBJECT of the sentence containing Noun Phrase (Susun-lah setiap kelompok kata yang dikurung di bawah ini dengan URUTAN yang BENAR untuk membentuk SUBYEK yang COCOK bagi kalimat yang berisi Noun Phrase):

1. (the - chapter - book - of - ten) consists of fifteen pages.
2. (the - Eisenhower - president - USA - of) was an army general.
3. (the - seventeenth - August) is a very important day for us.
4. (room - and - ten - eleven - room) are on the first floor.
5. (the - Louis - king - fourteenth) was a strong man.
6. 6 (Sumatra - in - East - Toba - Lake) has beautiful scenery.
7. (the - Presley - singer - famous - Elvis) died there too.
8. (the - Everest - peak - Mount - highest - world - the - in) lies north of India.
9. (major - sergeant) is a rank above sergeant.
10. (general - the - secretary) was an Asian then.
11. (strait - Java - and - the - Sumatra - between) is Sunda Strait.
12. (island - the - of - Kalimantan - east) is Sulawesi.
13. (fourth - of - year - the - the - month) is April.
14. (step - take - first - the - to) is just this.
15. (lying - France - country - of - north - the) is Belgium.
16. (islands - Asia - Australia - the - between - lying - and) are the Indonesian
    archipelago.
17. (spoken - the - in - language - Germany) is German.
18. (people - in - living - Denmark - the) are Danes.
19. (native - Holland - of - a) is a Dutchman.
20. (man - it - do - the - to - first) is your father.
21. (containing - the - this - book - information) is not for sale.
22. (article - written - by - the - John) is really interesting.
23. (living - family - to - next - the - us) seems very rich.
24. (taught - subject - Professor - the - by - Richards - Jack) is a tough subject.
25. (talking - you - now - girl - the - to - just) is my sister.

B. Complete each of the following sentences with the PROPER WORD/PHRASE chosen from those presented in parentheses behind each sentence (Lengkapilah setiap kalimat berikut ini dengan KATA/FRASA yang SESUAI yang dipilihkan dari kata-kata yang di kurung di belakang setiap kalimat):

1. The papers.............................. at the meeting were good, (presenting, presented)
2. The legs................................ the table are strong enough, (from, of, for)
3. The man................................ in the yard is Father, (works, working, worked)
4. The girl................................... long hair is Betty, (on, with, in)
5. The young lady................................. the red gown is Anne, (in, on, with, wears)
6. The book ..................................... by Jim is quite interesting, (reading, read)
7. The next thing.................................... for us is only this, (do, doing, to do)
8. The men............................................. in this job came here, (interested, interesting)
9. The book................................... on the table is mine, (lies, lying, lain)
10. The money...................................... is not ours, (steal, stealing, stolen)
11. The problem for us........................... is quite simple, (solving, to solve, solve)
12. The young man............................... the car is John, (drives, driving, driven)
13. The task ............................... to us yesterday was rather tough, (giving, given)
14. The table..................................... the hall is too large, (in, at, from, of)
15. The man ............................... India is very skillful, (of, from, at)
16. January.................................... is a holiday, (first, the first, one)

Practice 3: Noun Phrase

Translate the following Noun Phrases into English, then try to make complete sentences from those Noun Phrases.

1. Berita yang mengejutkan
2. Ayam bakar (ayam yang dibakar)
3. Burung yang berkicau
4. Barang-barang yang diimpor dari China
5. (alat) pemasak nasi
6. benda-benda terbang yang tidak dikenal (teridentifikasi)
7. Orang-orang miskin yang tinggal di tepi sungai
8. Seorang ibu bersama dengan tiga anak perempuannya
9. Pemandangan yang indah
10. bantuan untuk para korban gempa bumi di Yogyakarta
11. produk-produk yang dipamerkan di lantai dasar Malioboro Mall
12. Pasien yang menderita flu burung
13. Orang kaya sombong yang tinggal diseberang jalan
14. Mahasiswa yang tidak mengumpulkan tugas bahasa Inggris
15. Penjahat yang ditembak polisi di depan kampus UMY
16. Kebebasan untuk menungkapkan perasaannya

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NOUN PHRASE

Noun Phrase adalah kelompok kata yang unsur utamanya Noun (kata benda) dengan kata lainnya sebagai penjelasnya. Kata benda utama (yang dijelaskan) disebut Noun Head, sedangkan penjelasnya dinakamakan Modifiers. Modifiers yang berada sebelum Noun Head dinamakan Pre-Modifiers, sedang yang dibelakang Noun Head disebut Post-Modifiers. Pre-Modifiers + NOUN HEAD + Post Modifiers Noun merupakan jenis kata yang frekuensi pemakaiannya terbanyak. Setiap kalimat bisa dipastikan memiliki satu Noun atau lebih. Dalam suatu kalimat Noun bisa hadir sendiri atau dalam frase/ kelompok, sebagai subject atau object atau yang lainnya. Girls need attention. (Noun sebagai subject) Many beautiful girls in this class need attention. (Noun-Phrase sebagai subject) Dalam bahasa Indonesia yang menjelaskan kata benda selalu berada dibelakang kata benda dan umumnya didahuli dengan kata yang. Sebagai contoh 'anak nakal' sama dengan 'anak yang nakal'. Sedang dalam bahasa Inggris yang menerangkan kata benda bisa berada didepannya dibelakangnya atau pada kedua posisi, depan dan belakang. Berikut daftar jenis kata yang bisa menerangkan Noun serta nomor urut-nya. No. Pre-modifiers EXAMPLES 1 Determiners a, an, the, one, two, three, a few, some, several, all, this, that, my, your. etc. 2 Adjective (Phrase) beautiful, big, old, rich, expensive, etc. 3 V-ing challenging, sleeping, walking, shaking, 4 V-3 hidden, written, expected, baked, boiled 5 Noun rice, book, birthday, English, No. Post-Modifiers EXAMPLES 6 Prepositional Phrase (prep+Noun) at, in, on, of, by, 7 V-ing Phrase (Ving + Object/Adverb) 8 V-3 Phrase (V-3 + Object/ Adverb) 9 to infinitive (Phrase) to go, to eat, to study, etc. 10 Adjective Clause who, whom, that, which, whose + ........... Examples: Noun Phrase modifiers Meaning 1. a boy (1+NH) seorang anak 2. a naughty boy (1+2+NH) anak nakal 3. a sleeping child (1+3+NH) anak yang sedang tidur 4. singing birds (3+NH) burung-burung yang berkicau 5. a wtitten test (1+4+NH) test tertulis 6. the imported products (1+4+NH) produk-produk yang diimpor 7. a birthday cake (1+5+NH) roti ulang tahun 8. The tree behind the house (1+NH+6) Pohon yang berada dibelakang rumah 9. The people living in poverty (1+NH+7) Orang-orang yang hidup dalam kemiskinan 10. The papers presented at the meeting (1+NH+8) Makalah yang dipresentasikan dalam pertemuan itu 11 the book to read (1+NH+9) buku untuk dibaca 12. The man who has 3 wives (1+NH+10) Pria yang mempunyai 3 istri

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PREPOSITION and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

PREPOSITION and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. A prepositional phrase usually tells where, when, how, or why. Prepositional Phrase = Preposition + Noun (phrase) Examples of Prepositional Phrase from Mexico City in the morning on December 25 of my sisters to my best friend around the room by bus because of the weather

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Practice 1 on Preposition

Practice 1

Find the prepositions in each sentence, then circle the prepositional phrase.

1. I was born in Jakarta on July 23 1985.
2. He came to the United States for the purpose of setting up a business office there.
3. Over the last three decades, we have seen a consistent worldwide decline in

membership of private-sector international trade union federations.

4. A combination of factors appear to have led to the decline of the beetle, all of
them directly or indirectly due to human influence but none conclusively proven.
5. At ground level, ozone is produced by a photochemical interaction of the Sun
with gases such as nitrogen oxides and unburnt hydrocarbons.
6. During the era from the end of the Civil War to about 1890, there was
a land settlement boom within the United States. Read More......

P R E P O S I T I O N

P R E P O S I T I O N

Preposisi adalah jenis kata pendek yang bisa memiliki beberapa fungsi bila digunakan dengan jenis kata yang lain. Preposisi biasanya diikuti oleh kata benda (prepositional phrase), tetapi juga mengikuti kata kerja dan mempengaruhi makna kata kerja yang diikuti oleh preposisi tersebut.

on Sunday

in Jakarta

look at, look for, look after.

PREPOSITIONS
about	behind	except	on	under
above	below	for	onto	underneath
across	beneath	from	outside	unlike
after	beside	in	over	until
against	between	inside	past	up
along	beyond	into	since	upon
among	by	like	through	versus
around	despite	near	throughout	with
as	down	of	to	within
at	during	off	toward	without

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ADVERB

A D V E R B

Adverb adalah jenis kata yang memberikan keterangan tentang how, when, where, why terhadap verb atau terhadap kalimat itu sendiri. Adverb juga bisa menerangan jenis kata lain. Adverb bisa murni dari jenis kata Adverb dan bisa juga dari bebrapa jenis kata dalam frase (phrase). Examples: I bought this dictionary yesterday. (when) She dances beautifully. (how) We are here. (where) He was absent because of an accident. (why)

Types of Adverbs

Berdasarkan 'makna' Adverb dikalisikasikan menjadi: Adverb of Manner Ciri dari adverb jenis ini adalah penambahan akhiran -ly pada descriptive adjective. For example: quickly, slowly, neatly, beautifully, Adverb of Place and Direction For example: here, there, away, outside, left, down, straight, west, etc. Adverb of Time a) definite time, adverb ini memiliki batasan waktu yang pasti, for example: yesterday, today, tomorrow, night, Sunday, b) indefinite time, adverb ini tidak memiliki batasan waktu yang pasti. for example: recently, nowdays, soon, already, just, immediately; now, then before, afterwards, later. Adverb of Frequency always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never Intensifying Adverbs 1) Adverb yang menerangkan adjective atau adverb; yang memberikan gambaran tentang seberapa banyak/ besar (how much) Contoh: very, too, quite, somewhat, rather, extremely, exeedingly, fairly, more. 2) Adverb yang menyatakan seberapa lengkap (rampung) tentang suatu kegiatan/ kejadian: Contoh: almost, entirely, nearly, partially, practically, utterly, wholly.

Function of Adverbs

An Adverb modifies a verb, adjective, adverb or an enitire sentence. (Adverb berfungsi menerangkan Verb, adjective, adverb atau keseluruhan kalimat). 1) Adverb as a modifier of Verb. (Adverb sebagai keterangan Verb.) The boy threw the ball quickly. The boy quickly threw the ball there twice yesterday. 2) Adverb as modifier (intensifier) of an adjective or an adverb (Adverb yang berfungsi menerangkan adjective atau adverb. The very small boy threw the ball very quickly. 3) Adverb as modifier of an entire sentence. (Adverb yang berfungsi menerangkan keseluruhan kalimat. Fortunately, the boy threw the ball quickly.

Position of Adverbs

Dibanding jenis kala lainnya, posisi Adverb dalam suatu kalimat lebih fleksibel. Adverb bisa mengisi salah satu dari tiga posisi berikut: 1) Initial Position Sometimes she comes late. (before subject) Only Mary passes in Greek. 2) Mid-position She sometimes comes late. (after subject or after verb) Mary only passed in Greek. Mary passed only in Greek. 3) Final position She comes late sometimes. (after verb+obj / complement) Mary passed in Greek only. Beberapa jenis adverb atau kelompok adverb bisa menduduki semua dari tiga posisi tersebut, sebagain hanya bisa menduduki satu atau dua posisi.

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ADJECTIVES

A D J E C T I V E S

Adjectives adalah jenis kata yang memiliki sifat/ kemampuan dalam perbandingan (comparison). Fungsi adjective adalah menerangkan (modify) Noun atau Pronoun: Examples: 1) Adjectives modifying a noun (adjective menerangkan noun) a) a beautiful girl b) The girl is beautiful. 2) Adjective modifying a pronoun (adjective menerangkan pronoun) She is beautiful.

Types of Adjectives

Adjectives bisa bisa dibedakan menjadi: A. Determiners Determiners consists of a small group of structure words without characteristic form. 1. Articles the, a, an 2. Demonstrative Adjectives this (singular), these (plural), that (singular), those (plural). 3. Possessive Adjectives my, your, his, her, our, their, its, John's, the girl's, etc. 4. Numeral Adjectives three, four, seven, twenty five, third, fourth, seventh, twenty fifth, etc. 5. Adjective of indefinite quantity some, few, several, more, etc B. Descriptive Adjectives Descriptive Adejctives usually indicate: 1) a quality (kualitas) beautiful, hansome, intelligent, patient, nice, delicious, ugly, bad, dirty, etc. 2) a physical state (keadaan fisik) young, old, short, medium, tall, black, white, (berkaitan dgn umur, ukuran, dan warna)

Form of Adjectives

Descriptive adjectives memiliki bentuk khusus bila digunakan dalam perbandingan (comparison). a) Positive Degree as tall as as beautiful as b) Comparative Degree taller than more beautiful than c) Superlative Degree the tallest the most beautiful Cara pembentukan Compararative Degree dan Superlative Degree adalah: 1) Adjectives of one syllable (1 suku kata) Comparative Degree Superlative Degree adjective+er + than the + adjective + est 2) Adjectives of 3 or more syllable (3 suku kata atau lebih) Comparative Degree Superlative Degree more +adjective+ than the+most+ adjective 3) Adjectives of two syllables two-syllable adject. with -er, est two-syllable adjectives with more, most two-syllable adjectives with -er, -est or more, most 1) adjective berakhiran consonat + y 1) adjectives dgn akhiran: -ous, -ish, -ful, -ing, -ed, 1)adjectives berakhiran -er, -ow, -some. pretty prettier dirty: dirtier noisy: noisier happy: happier easy easier famous more famous useful more useful childish more childish interesting more interesting tired more tired cleverer = more clever bitterer = more bitter narrower = more narrow shallower = more shallow handsomer: more hadsome lonesomer= more lonesome 2) adjective akhiran -ple, -ble 2) adjectives akhiran -ct, -nt, -st simple simpler humble humbler subtle subtler idle idler exact more exact recent more recent honest more honest urgent more urgent Beberapa Adjectives memiliki bentuk comparative dan superlative yang tidak teratur (irregular) Positive Comparative Superlative good better best bad worse worst far farther / further fartherst/ furtherst little less least much more most many more most old older/ elder oldest/ eldest

Derivational Form of Adjectives

Adjectives bisa dibentuk dari jenis kata lain seperti 'noun' atau 'verbs', hanya dengan menambahkan akhiran tertentu (suffixes). 1) Adjectives berasal dari nouns berakhiran sebagai berikut: -(i)al, -ar, -ary, atau -ery, -ed, -en, -esque, -ful, -ic(al), -ish, -istic, -less, like, -ly, -ous, -ward, -wide, -y. examples: monumental, familiar, elementary, talented, picturesque, hopeful, historic(al), stylish, characteristic, useless, lifelike, friendly, famous, backward, world-wide, windy. 2) Adjectives berasal dari verbs berakhiran sebagai berikut: -able atau -ible, -ent, atau -ant, -ed, -ile, -ing, -ive, -(at)ory. sensible, dependent, frustrated, hostile, boring, attractive, congratulatory.

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