Practice: NOUN PHRASE

A. Analyze and indetify the components that modify NOUN HEAD, then translate into Indonesian!

Example:
Some beautiful ladies beberapa gadis cantik. = (article+adjective+Noun Head) or (1+2+Noun)

Tourists from Japan Turis-turis dari Jepang. = (Noun+prep phrase) or (Noun + 6)

1. Many challenging problems
2. A letter from my father
3. The expected result
4. Things made in Japan
5. A written test
6. Freedom to speak
7. A chemical process
8. A fried chicken
9. The world food resources
10. The other living creatures on the earth

Practice: NOUN PHRASE

11. Wild plants growing in the forest
12. Soft skin powder
13. The scientific solutions to the problems.
14. Some problems discussed before
15. A woman to take care of the baby
16. People working in the factory
17. The smell of the drinks
18. Nothing to eat
19. The will to develop
20. A psychological approach to the problem
21. Fertile land forming the main food supplier
22. His new ideas stated in the conference
23. The chapters to be taught
24. The government's attempts to improve the socio-economic condition of the people
25. More serious attention to the prevention of this irresponsible practice
26. Some crucial and complicated world problems existing in the 20th century.
27. The books which we bought last night
28. Some differences that we know
29. Experts who can assist us in the development of modern technology.
30. The lady whom we met last night
31. The man whose wife is working here
32. The process how cells multiply themselves
33. The place where I was born
34. The reason why the government always changes its policy



Read More......

Noun Phrase

Noun Phrase adalah kelompok kata yang unsur utamanya Noun (kata benda) dengan kata lainnya sebagai penjelasnya. Kata benda utama (yang dijelaskan) disebut Noun Head, sedangkan penjelasnya dinakamakan Modifiers. Modifiers yang berada sebelum Noun Head dinamakan Pre-Modifiers, sedang yang dibelakang Noun Head disebut Post-Modifiers.
Pre-Modifiers + NOUN HEAD + Post Modifiers


Noun merupakan jenis kata yang frekuensi pemakaiannya terbanyak. Setiap kalimat bisa dipastikan memiliki satu Noun atau lebih. Dalam suatu kalimat Noun bisa hadir sendiri atau dalam frase/ kelompok, sebagai subject atau object atau yang lainnya.
Girls need attention. (Noun sebagai subject)
Many beautiful girls in this class need attention. (Noun-Phrase sebagai subject)

Dalam bahasa Indonesia yang menjelaskan kata benda selalu berada dibelakang kata benda dan umumnya didahuli dengan kata yang. Sebagai contoh 'anak nakal' sama dengan 'anak yang nakal'. Sedang dalam bahasa Inggris yang menerangkan kata benda bisa berada didepannya dibelakangnya atau pada kedua posisi, depan dan belakang.

Berikut daftar jenis kata yang bisa menerangkan Noun serta nomor urut-nya.
No.
Pre-modifiers EXAMPLES
1 Determiners a, an, the, one, two, three, a few, some, several, all, this, that, my, your. etc.
2 Adjective (Phrase) beautiful, big, old, rich, expensive, etc.
3 V-ing challenging, sleeping, walking, shaking,
4 V-3 hidden, written, expected, baked, boiled
5 Noun rice, book, birthday, English,


No. Post-Modifiers EXAMPLES
6 Prepositional Phrase (prep+Noun) at, in, on, of, by,
7 V-ing Phrase (Ving + Object/Adverb)
8 V-3 Phrase (V-3 + Object/ Adverb)
9 to infinitive (Phrase) to go, to eat, to study, etc.
10 Adjective Clause who, whom, that, which, whose + ...........

Examples:
Noun Phrase modifiers Meaning
1. a boy (1+NH) seorang anak
2. a naughty boy (1+2+NH) anak nakal
3. a sleeping child (1+3+NH) anak yang sedang tidur
4. singing birds (3+NH) burung-burung yang berkicau
5. a wtitten test (1+4+NH) test tertulis
6. the imported products (1+4+NH) produk-produk yang diimpor
7. a birthday cake (1+5+NH) roti ulang tahun
8. The tree behind the house (1+NH+6) Pohon yang berada dibelakang rumah
9. The people living in poverty (1+NH+7) Orang-orang yang hidup dalam kemiskinan
10. The papers presented at the meeting (1+NH+8) Makalah yang dipresentasikan dalam pertemuan itu


Read More......

PRACTICE 2 A: Compound Sentences

PRACTICE 2 A: Compound Sentences

Decide which of the following are compound sentences and which are simple sentences. Click CS or SS in the space at the left, and add commas to the compound sentences. Some states allow you to get married at age fourteen but most states require you to be sixteen. Couples may get married in a church or in a government office. A religious official or a government official may perform the marriage ceremony. The bride's family pays for the wedding but the groom's family pays for the rehearsal dinner. The groom enters the church, and waits for his bride at the front. The friends of the groom write "Just Married" on the young couple's car and the old shoes and tin cans to the rear bumper. The bride usually wears a white dress and carries a bouquet of flowers in her hands. The bachelor party lasted until 3:00 a.m, so the groom was late to his own wedding.

PRACTICE 2 B: Compound Sentences

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences to make a compound sentence. Use all three ways you have just learned, and punctuate carefully. a). use a conjunction b). use a semicolon c). use sentence connector. Robots can do boring, repetitive work. They can do unsafe jobs. Robots can make minor decisions. They cannot really think. Robots don't get tired, sick, or hungry.They can work twenty-four hours a day. Human factory workers must learn new skills. They will be out of work because of robots. Answer: 1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. c. 3. a. b. c. 4. a. b. (not possible) c.

Read More......

Compound Sentence

Compound Sentence
1. The bride's guests sit on the left, ..... the groom's guests sit on the right. A. but B. or C. and D. so 2. The bride's father pays for the wedding, ........ he doesn't pay for the rehearsal dinner. A. and B. but C. or D. so 3. The party lasted until midnight, ....... everyone was tired. A. so B. and C. but D. or 4. The bride may have one bridesmaid, ....... she may have several. A. and B. but C. so D. or 5. The wind is blowing, ......... it is not cold A. yet B. for C. nor D. so 6. Some people are starting to leave, ........ the storm is predicted to reach the city. A. nor B. yet C. for D. so 7. The sun isn't shining, ......... is the wind blowing now. A. or B. nor C. for D. and 8. We rarely stay in the hotel, for ................................... A. we are rich. B. the hotel fare is cheap. C. we are on vacation. D. we cannot afford it. 9. ........................ but I don't bring my ATM card. A. I need to withdraw money soon B. I want to save my money in the bank C. I don't need much money. D. I found a wallet 10. The electricity is off, so ........................ A. I can finish my paper. B. I don't need to submit my paper. C. I cannot finish my paper. D. I will study all the night.

Read More......

Compound Sentence

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is composed of two simple sentences joined together by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. So, a compound sentences consists of two independent clauses. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English: and, but, so, or, for, nor, and yet. Here are compound sentences: Tom loves Erica, and she loves him. Jack loves Jean, but she loves Ronald. Jack should forget Jean, or he will die a lonely man. Jean doesn't love Jack, so she won't marry him. Bob is tired, yet he is not going to sleep. We rarely stay in hotels, for we can't afford it. I can't swim well, nor can I play tennis. RULES FOR USING COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ■ and joins sentences that are alike. ■ but joins sentences that are opposite or show contrast. ■ so joins sentences when the second sentence expresses the result of something described in the first sentence. ■ or joins sentences that give choices or alternatives. ■ yet has approximately the same meaning as but', that is, it shows contrast or joins opposites. ■ for means because; it introduces a reason or cause. ■ nor means not this and not that; use nor to join two negative sentences. NOTE-1: The word order after nor is like a question. The helping verb (is, does, did, can, will, etc.) comes before the subject of the part of the sentence introduced by nor. NOTE-2: Use a comma before the coordinating conjunction in compound sentences only. Do not use a comma when joining compound elements in simple sentences. Notice the difference: Compound sentence. The bride may have one bridesmaid, or she may have several. Simple sentence with a compound complement: The bride may have one bridesmaid or several. Compound sentence: They wanted to get married immediately, but they decided to wait until June. Simple sentence with a compound verb: They wanted to get married immediately but decided to wait until June. The second way to make a compound sentence is to join the two independent clauses with a semicolon (;). Tom loves Erica; she loves him. Jack loves Jean; she loves Ronald. Jean doesn't love Jack; she won't marry him. NOTE: Or cannot be replaced by a semicolon. A third way to make a compound sentence is to join the two independent clauses with a semicolon + sentence connector + comma. A sentence connector is a word such as however or therefore. Here is a list of frequently used sentence connectors and their approximate meanings. Sentence Connector Meaning moreover and furthermore and however but otherwise or, in the sense of "if not" therefore so, in the sense of "as a result" Tom loves Erica; moreover, she loves him. Tom loves Erica; furthermore, she loves him. Jack loves Jean; however, she loves Ronald. Jack should forget Jean; otherwise, he will die a lonely man. Jean doesn't love Jack; therefore, she won't marry him.

Read More......

Practice : Sentence without 'to be'

Translate the following sentences into good English.

1. Kamu bisa menemuiku besok pagi.
2. Mereka sudah menyelesaikan semua tugas bahasa Inggris I.
3. Saya membeli kamus ini di Shopping Center.
4. Semua sungai mengalir ke laut.
5. Saya lulus SMA tahun 2006.
6. Dia berasal dari Surabaya.
7. Kita sudah makan siang.
8. Saya biasanya bangun tidur sekitar jam 5 pagi.
9. Musim hujan biasanya mulai di bulan Oktober.
10. Orangtuaku akan berkunjung ke rumah kos-ku minggu depan.

Read More......

Sentence without 'to be'

Tidak semua kalimat membutuhkan kehadiran 'to be'. Kalimat berikut tanpa 'to be':

1. Verbal Sentence yang bermakna kebiasaan (Present Tense)

Untuk menerangkan sesuatu yang bersifat kebiasaan: habits, routines, permanent actions or general truth, digunakan (Verb-1/ Verb+es).
1. The sun rises in the morning -(general truth)
2. I Play basketball on Sundays. -(habit)
3. She loves me. -(hopefully permanent)

2. Verbal Sentence yang bermakna lampau (Past Tense).

Dalam kalimat yang bersifat 'Lampau', digunakan (Verb2 / Verb+ed).
Subject + Verb-2

Examples:
1. I played football yesterday afternoon.
2. She bought a dictionary three days ago.
3. We renovated the house last year.


Past form (V2) dari Regular Verbs dibentuk dengan menambah akhiran -ed pada Verb tersebut. Sedangkan Past form dari Irregular Verbs tidak ada aturan tetap, sehingga harus dihafalkan.

3. Kalimat dengan Modal Auxiliary Verb

Modal Auxiliary Verb atau singkatnya disebut Modal terdiri dari kata-kata berikut:
Can
Could
must
May
Might
ought to
Will
Would
Shall
Should

Pola kalimat:
Subject + modal+ Verb-1

Examples:
I can swim.
They will go to Jakarta.
You should finish your job soon.

4. Kalimat yang bermakna 'Sudah/ Telah' (Perfect Tense)

Dalam pola kalimat ini have/has/had bermakna sudah atau telah.
Subject + have/has/had+ V3

Examples:
Dia sudah mengumpulkan tugas bahasa Inggris.
She has submitted the English assignment.

Mereka sudah merenovasi rumahnya.
They have renovated their houses. Read More......

Linking Verbs

Linking Verbs

A linking Verb adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai pengubung antara Subject dengan Predicate-nya. Contoh dalam kalimat: "Cewek itu cantik." atau "The girl beautiful". Pada kalimat itu belum ada verb-nya, sehingga diperlukan 'Linking Verb. The girl is beautiful. (atau) The girl looks beautiful. Linking verbs dibedakan menjadi: To be is, am, are, was, were non- to be become, appear, look, taste, smell, seem, remain, prove, Apa perbedaan penggunaan dari keduanya? Linking Verb (to be) dipakai untuk menghubungkan antara Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'NOUN' or GERUND, 'ADJECTIVE', 'ADVERB' or 'Prepositional Phrase'. He is my friend (Noun) My hobby is reading. (Gerund) They are happy. (Adjective) She is here. (Adverb) We are in the classroom. (Adverb/ prep. phrase Linking Verb (non-to be) hanya dipakai untuk menghubungkan Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'ADJECTIVE'. She looks beautiful. It smells good. They seem lazy.

Read More......

Passive Voice

Passive Voice

Kalimat pasif adalah suatu kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai tindakan/ perbuatan, ini berbeda dengan kalimat aktif dimana subject-lah yang melakukan perbuatan/ tindakan. Ciri utamanya adalah pada Verb, yang dibentuk oleh ‘to be’ dan kerja bentuk ketiga (verb-3) atau past participle. To be + Verb-3 Examples: Subject Verb Rudy repaired my bicycle yesterday. My bicycle was repaired by Rudy yesterday. Beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif, antara lain: Subject pada kalimat pasif berasal dari object pada kalimat aktif. Tense pada kalimat pasif mengikuti tense pada kalimat aktifnya. Hanya kalimat dengan transitive Verb yang bisa diubah kedalam bentuk pasif. Perhatikan perubahan dari kalimat aktif menjadi pasif pada masing-masing tenses : 1. Simple Present Active: My mother cooks the meal everyday. Passive: The meal is cooked by mother everyday. 2. Simple Past Active: My mother cooked the meal yesterday. Passive: The meal was cooked by mother yesterday. 3. Present Continuous Active: My mother is cooking the meal at the moment Passive: The meal is being cooked by mother at the moment 4. Past continuous Active: My mother was cooking the meal when I arrived. Passive: The meal was being cooked by mother when I arrived. 5. Present perfect Active: My mother has cooked the meal. Passive The meal has been cooked by mother. 6. Past perfect Active: My mother had cooked the meal before the children came home from school. Passive: The meal had been cooked by mother before the children came home from school. 7. Present perfect continuous Active: My mother has been cooking the meal since I arrived. Passive: The meal has been being cooked by mother since I arrived. 8. Past perfect continuous Active: My mother had been cooking the meal for an hour when father came home from work. Passive: The meal had been being cooked by mother for an hour when father came home from work. 9. Simple Future Active: My mother will cook the meal this afternoon. Passive: The meal will be cooked by mother this afternoon. 10. Future perfect Active: My mother will have cooked the meal when the children come home from school this afternoon. Passive: The meal will have been cooked by mother when the children come home from school this afternoon. 11. Future Continuous Active: My mother will be cooking the meal at 4 this afternoon. Passive The meal will be being cooked by mother at 4 this afternoon. 12. Future perfect continuous Active: My mother will have been cooking the meal for an hour when father comes home from work this afternoon. Passive: The meal will have been being cooked by mother for an hour when father comes home from work this afternoon. Rumus pola aktif – pasif untuk semua tenses : Present Active Passive Simple S+V1(V+s/es)+O S+ is/am/are + V3 Rita writes a letter A letter is written by Rita Continuous S + is/am/are + V- ing S + is/am/are + being + V3 Rita is writing a letter A letter is being written by Rita Perfect S + Have/has + V3 S + have/has + been + V3 Rita has written a letter A letter has been written by Rita Perfect Continuous S+have/has+been +V-ing S + have /has + been + being+V 3 Rita has been writing a letter A letter been being written by Rita Past Active passive Simple S + V2+ O S + was/were + V3 Rita wrote a letter A letter was written by Rita Continuous S + was/were + V- ing S + was/were + being + V3 Rita was writing a letter A letter was being written by Rita Perfect S + had + V3 S + had + been + V3 Rita had written a letter A letter had been written by Rita Perfect Continuous S + had + been + V-ing S + had + been + being +V 3 Rita had been writing a letter. A letter had been being written by Rita. Future Active passive Simple S + will +V1+ O S + will + be + V3 Rita will write a letter A letter will be written by Rita Continuous S + will + be + V- ing S + will + be+ being + V3 Rita will be writing a letter A letter will be being written by Rita Perfect S + will + have + V3 S + will + have + been + V3 Rita will have written a letter A letter will have been written by Rita Perfect Continuous S + will + have + been + V-ing S + will + have + been + being +V 3 Rita will have been writing a letter A letter will have been being written by Rita Past Future Active passive Past future S + would + V1+ O S + would + be + V3 Rita would write a letter A letter would be written by Rita Past future Continuous S + would + be + V- ing S + would + be+ being + V3 Rita would be writing a letter A letter would be being written by Rita Past future Perfect S + would + have + V3 S + would + have + been + V3 Rita would have written a letter A letter would have been written by Rita Past future Perfect Continuous S+would+have+been+V-ing S+ would+have+been+being+V3 Rita would have been writing a letter A letter would have been being written by Rita

Read More......

IRREGULAR VERBS

IRREGULAR VERBS
Verb-1	Verb-2	Verb-3	meaning
bear	bore	born	melahirkan
begin	began	begun	memulai
beat	beat	beaten	memukul
bend	bent	bent	membengkokan
become	became	become	menjadi
bite	bit	bitten	menggigit
blow	blew	blown	meniup
break	broke	broken	memecahkan
bring	brought	brought	membawa
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast	menyiarkan
build	built	built	membangun
burn	burnt	burnt	membakar
buy	bought	bought	membeli
catch	caught	caught	menangkap
choose	chose	choosen	memilih
come	came	come	datang
cut	cut	cut	memotong
dig	dug	dug	menggali
draw	drew	drawn	menggambar
do	did	done	mengerjakan
drink	drank	drunk	minum
dream	dreamt	dreamt	mimpi
drive	drove	driven	menyopir
dwell	dwelt	dwelt	menghuni
eat	ate	eaten	makan
fall	fell	fell	jatuh
feed	fed	fed	memberi makan
feel	felt	felt	merasa
fight	fought	fought	berkelahi
find	found	found	menemukan
fly	flew	flown	terbang
forbid	forbade	forbidden	melarang
get	got	got	mendapat
give	gave	given	memberi makan
go	went	gone	pergi
grow	grew	grown	tumbuh
hang	hung	hung	menggantung
have	had	had	mempunyai
hear	heard	heard	mendengar
hit	hit	hit	memukul
hold	held	held	memegang
hurt	hurt	hurt	melukai
keep	kept	kept	menyimpan
hide	hid	hidden	bersembunyi
know	knew	known	mengetahui
lay	laid	laid	menaruh
lead	led	led	memimpin
light	lit	lit	menyalakan
lose	lost	lost	menghilangkan
lie	lay	lain	berbaring
leave	left	left	meninggalkan
make	made	made	membuat
mean	meant	meant	berarti
pay	paid	paid	membayar
put	put	put	meletakkan
read	read	read	membaca
ride	rode	riden	mengendarai
ring	rang	rung	membunyikan
rise	rose	risen	terbit
run	ran	run	berlari
see	saw	seen	melihat
send	sent	sent	mengirim
sleep	slept	slept	tidur
smell	smelt	smelt	membantu
speak	spoke	spoken	berbicara
spell	spelt	spelt	mengeja
spend	spent	spent	menghabiskan
spread	spread	spread	menyebar
stand	stood	stood	berdiri
steal	stole	stolen	mencuri
sell	sold	sold	menjual
shake	shook	shaken	mengocok
shine	shone	shone	bersinar
shoot	shot	shot	menembak
show	showed	shown	menunjukkan
shut	shut	shut	menutup
sing	sang	sung	bernyanyi
sink	sank	sunk	tenggelam
sit	sat	sat	duduk
stick	stuck	stuck	menancapkan
say	said	said	mengatakan
seek	sought	sought	mencari
set	set	set	mengatur
swear	swore	sworn	bersumpah
sting	stung	stung	menyengat
take	took	taken	mengambil
teach	taught	taught	mengajar
tear	tore	torn	merobek
tell	told	told	bercerita
think	thought	thought	berfikir
think	thought	thought	mengira
throw	threw	thrown	melempar
understand	understood	understood	memahami
strike	struck	struck	memukul
sweep	swept	swept	menyapu
swim	swam	swum	berenang
swing	swung	swung	berayun
take	took	taken	mengambil
undertake	undertook	undertaken	menangani.
win	won	won	memenangkan
wind	wound	wound	memutar
write	wrote	written	menulis
weave	wove	woven	menganyam
wake up	woke up	waken up	bangun
wear	wore	worn	memakai
weep	wept	wept	menangis

Read More......

Sentence with 'to be'

Salah satu kesalahan yang sering muncul dalam writing mahasiswa adalah penggunaan 'to be' pada kalimat yang seharusnya tidak menggunkan to be. Karena tidak semua kalimat memerlukan kehadiran 'to be'. Berikut ini pola kalimat yang menggunakan to be sebagai Verb, atau sebagai bagian dari Verb:

1. Dalam Nominal Sentence

Dalam Nominal Sentence diperlukan 'to be' sebagai linking verb sebagai Verb-nya: Sehingga pola kalimatnya menjadi:

Subject + to be + Complement

Keterangan TO BE: is, am, are. was, were
Jenis kata berikut bisa sebagai Complement:
1. Noun
2. Adjective,
3. Adverb of place or
4. prepositional phrase

Examples:
1. He is a lecturer. (Noun)
2. We are happy. (Adjective)
3. She is here. (Adverb of place)
4. We are in the classroom (prep. Phrase)
5. You are in danger. (Prep. Phrase)

2. dalam 'Progressive Tense'. (Sedang)

Subject + to be + V-ing

Examples:
Mereka sedang menonton sepak bola
They are watching football.

Dia sedang membaca koran.
He is reading newspaper.

3. dalam 'Passive Voice' (kalimat pasif)

Subject + to be + V-3

Examples:
Perampok itu terbunuh.
The robber was killed
Buku ini ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris
The book was witten in English.
Lantai ini dibersihkan setiap pagi.
The floor is cleaned every morning.

Sebagian besar verb-3 dibentuk dengan penambahan akhiran -ed, sama seperti pembentukan Verb-2, tetapi untuk beberapa verbs yang termasuk irregular verbs tidak ada aturan tetap, sehingga harus dihafalkan. More about Passive Voice Read More......

Practice : Sentence with 'to be'

Translate the following sentences into good English.
1. Teman-temanku di perpustakaan.
2. Mereka sedang mengerjakan tugas Bahasa Inggris.
3. Dompetku ditemukan di bawah tempat tidur.
4. Sepatuku dibeli 4 hari yang lalu di Malioboro Mall.
5. Para korban gempa sedang membangun rumah mereka.
6. Rumah kosku disebelah Kampus Stikes.
7. Saya sedang memikirkan pacarku yang cantik.
8. Peserta seminar sedang mendiskusikan masalah kesehatan.
9. Pasien flu burung dipindah ke ruang khusus.
10. Semua mahasiswa perempuan diwajibkan memakai jilbab.
11. Hari ini saya sangat bahagia.
12. Dia teman terbaikku di kampus ini. Read More......

Sentence Patterns

Simple sentence memiliki beberapa pola diantarannya sebagai berikut:

Examples:

1).	Subject	Verb
	The cat	died
2).	Subject	Verb	Complement
	She	is	beautiful
3).	Subject	Verb	Adverb
	My father	went	to Jakarta
4)	Subject	Verb	Object
	A cow	eats	grass
5)	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
	He	gave	me	a book
6)	Subject	Verb	Object 2	Object 1
	He	gave	a book	to me
7)	Subject	Verb	Complement	Adverb
	Yunita	was	sick	yesterday
8.	Subject	Verb	Object	Adverb
	I	bought	a dictionary	yesterday
9.	Subject	Verb	Adverb1	Adverb2
	My father	went	to Jakarta	yesterday

Karena adverb tertentu bisa fleksibel posisinnya (awal, tengah, atau akhir kalimat), pola lain diluar itu masih mungkin.

Read More......

Practice : Sentence Pattern

Translate the following sentences into good English and write the pattern of each sentence.

1. Teman-temanmu di perpustakaan sejam yang lalu.
2. Saya membelikan hadiah ulang tahun ini untuk pacarku.
3. Singa-singa itu sedang tidur.
4. Kemarin dia membawakan ibuku sayur mayur.
5. Mereka pergi ke pantai Parangteritis hari minggu lalu.
6. Kita sangat berbahagia pada hari lebaran.
7. Dosen itu meminjamkan saya buku referensi.
8. Kamus ini mahal.
9. Setiap orang membutuhkan uang.
10. Saya sangat bahagia hari ini. Read More......

Subject-Verb Agreement

Dalam "Present Tense" antara Subject dan Verb harus bersesuaian. Artinya:

• Apabila subject dalam bentuk singular (tunggal), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk singular (tunggal).
• Apabila subject dalam bentuk plural (jamak), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk plural (jamak).

Subject (plural) + Verb (plural)

Subject ( Singular) + Verb (singular)

Examples

The boy walks to school.

The boys walk to school

My friends are nice.

One of my friends is nice.

Catatan:

'Plural Noun' biasanya berakhiran -s/es, singular Noun TANPA -s/es, sebaliknya 'plural Verb' TANPA akhiran -s/es dan 'singular Verb' berakhiran -s/es.

Untuk “to be”, Pada present tense is dipergunakan dengan subject tunggal dan are dengan subject jamak. Pada past tense was dengan subject tunggall dan were untuk subject jamak.

Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan kaitannya dengan Subject-Verb Agreement adalah:

1. Subject with Prepositional Phrase.

Untuk Subjek yang berupa frase (noun phrase) yang diterangkan oleh prepositional phrase, yang menjadi subjek adalah kata benda utamanya, yang biasanya terletak sebelum preposisi;

Examples:

1. One of my friends lives in this remote village
2. Three of my friends live in this remote village.
3. The trees behind the house are very tall.
4. The tree behind the houses is very tall.
5. A group of students goes to Kaliurang every Sunday.
6. A group of university students goes camping every weekend.
7. An increase in the sales of new cars makes the traffic jam worse.

2. Subject with Expressions of Quantity

Aturan khusus terjadi bila Subject adalah "Expressions of Quantity" seperti kata: all, most, some, part, diikuti preposisi of. Dalam kasus ini Subject (all, most, some) bisa singular atau plural, tergantung pada apa yang mengikuti preposisi 'of'.

All (of the book) was interesting. -(singular)

All (of the books) were interesting. -(plural)

All (of the information) was interesting. -(uncountable)

Some of the animals were released from the zoo into the animal preserve. -(plural)

3. Subject of Certain words

Kata-kata berikut secara grammar selalu singular, sehingga memerlukan Verb singular.

anybody	everybody	nobody
anyone	everyone	no one
anything	everything	nothing

somebody	every(+noun)	either / either of ……
someone	each (+noun)	neither / neither of …….
something	each of……

Examples:

1. Everybody needs money.
2. Nobody comes here.
3. Each of the students is required to sign the forms.
4. Everybody is impressed with the view of Danau Toba.
5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.
6. There are two girls approaching Setiawan. Either of them wears blue jeans.

4.	Subjek yang menyatakan hitungan jarak, volume, berat, uang, prosentase, dan waktu selalu dianggap tungal, oleh karenanya predikatnya-pun tunggal.

Examples:

1. 250 kilometers is the distance for the race.
2. 4.5435 liters is equal to 1,201 gallons.
3. 60 kilograms was her weight when she was young.
4. Seventy five percent of Indonesian populations lives in Java.
5. $ 10 (ten dollars) has the same value as Rp. 100,000
6. 12 months has 365 days

5.	Subyek yang terbentuk dari gerund (verb-ing) atau 'to-infinitive' harus dianggap tunggal.

• Swimming makes us healthy.
• Producing fine paintings requires skill and creativity.
• To err is human.

6.	Subyek dengan kata ‘number’ bisa dianggap singular dan bisa juga plural.

• A number of .......... harus diikuti Verb bentuk jamak
• The number of ........... harus diikuti Verb bentuk tunggal

Example:

1. The number of illiterate people in our country decreases drastically.
2. A number of illiterate people in our country decrease drastically

7.	Untuk kata ‘either’ berpasangan dengan ‘or’ atau ‘neither’ berpasangan dengan ‘nor’, verb-nya tergantung pada kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’.

1. Neither Agus nor Rudy is going to class today.
2. Either Yuni or Nunik is going to the beach today.
3. Neither Rudy nor his friends are going to class today.
4. Either Rudy or his cassmates are going to beach today.
5. Rudy or Rita is going to class today.
6. Rudy or his friends are going to class today.

8.	Subject dari kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung ( uncountable noun ) harus dianggap singular.

Examples :

• Water flows to the lower part of the land.
• The news of Yunita’s marriage is surprising many boys.

9. Nama – nama cabang ilmu harus dianggap singular

Examples :

• Mathematics needs to be taught in Kindergarten.
• Economics is one of the subjects that I take this semester.

10.	Keterangan tambahan untuk Kata Benda pada Subject, seperti prepositional phrase, appositives, present participle phrase, past participle phrase, dan adjective clause tidak mempengaruhi singular/plural pada Verb-nya. Yang mempengaruhi Verb-nya adalah Kata Benda utamanya (NOUN HEAD).

Examples:

1. Yuliana, together with her friends, is watching the film.
2. Fitri, accompanied by her parents, is complaining her English score of the final test.
3. The woman (who lives together with her four daugthers) is very poor.
4. Sally, the best student in the class, lives in a dormitory.
5. The packages mailed at the post office yesterday are for my brother in Jakarta.
6. The man talking to his friend has three wives.
7. Tommy, the youngest son of former President Soeharto, was sent to Nusakambangan.

Catatan: Appositives adalah Noun atau Noun Phrase yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda lain: antara yang menerangkan dan yang diterangkan mengacu ke hal yang sama. Lihat contoh 1 dan 7

Read More......