Linking Verbs

Linking Verbs

A linking Verb adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai pengubung antara Subject dengan Predicate-nya. Contoh dalam kalimat: "Cewek itu cantik." atau "The girl beautiful". Pada kalimat itu belum ada verb-nya, sehingga diperlukan 'Linking Verb. The girl is beautiful. (atau) The girl looks beautiful. Linking verbs dibedakan menjadi: To be is, am, are, was, were non- to be become, appear, look, taste, smell, seem, remain, prove, Apa perbedaan penggunaan dari keduanya? Linking Verb (to be) dipakai untuk menghubungkan antara Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'NOUN' or GERUND, 'ADJECTIVE', 'ADVERB' or 'Prepositional Phrase'. He is my friend (Noun) My hobby is reading. (Gerund) They are happy. (Adjective) She is here. (Adverb) We are in the classroom. (Adverb/ prep. phrase Linking Verb (non-to be) hanya dipakai untuk menghubungkan Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'ADJECTIVE'. She looks beautiful. It smells good. They seem lazy.

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Transitive or Intransitive Verbs

Transitive Verbs adalah kata kerja yang membutuhkan Object. Subject Verb Object Everybody needs money I love you A cow eats grass Intransitive Verbs adalah kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan Object. Subject Verbs Adverb He walks to campus The baby cries every night Untuk meyakinkan apakah Verb yang akan dipakai itu transitive atau intransitive, sebaiknya anda membuka kamus standar.

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V E R B S

Verb (kata kerja) adalah kata inti dalam predikat yang merupakan tindakan dari subject.

Subject	Predicate
She	wrote a letter
He	needs more money.
We	read newspaper every morning

Verbs merupakan jenis kata yang paling komplek. Verb memiliki property grammatical seperti:

TENSE	-tambahan akhiran tertentu atau kata bantu tertentu menandakan 'waktu' kejadian
VOICE	pola aturan untuk membuat kalimat aktif, atau pasif.
MOOD	Bentuk tertentu menunjukkan (a) command and request (b) wishes (c) conditional
ASPECT	Bentuk verbs tertentu dgn adverb bisa menunjukkan apakah peristiwa itu terjadi pada titik waktu tertentu atau dengan durasi.

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NOUN PHRASE

Noun Phrase adalah kelompok kata yang unsur utamanya Noun (kata benda) dengan kata lainnya sebagai penjelasnya. Kata benda utama (yang dijelaskan) disebut Noun Head, sedangkan penjelasnya dinakamakan Modifiers. Modifiers yang berada sebelum Noun Head dinamakan Pre-Modifiers, sedang yang dibelakang Noun Head disebut Post-Modififier.

Pre-Modifiers + NOUN HEAD + Post Modifiers

Noun merupakan jenis kata yang frekuensi pemakaiannya terbanyak. Setiap kalimat bisa dipastikan memiliki satu Noun atau lebih. Dalam suatu kalimat Noun bisa hadir sendiri atau dalam frase/ kelompok, sebagai subject atau object atau yang lainnya.

Girls need attention. (Noun sebagai subject)

Many beautiful girls in this class need attention. (Noun-Phrase sebagai subject)

Dalam bahasa Indonesia yang menjelaskan kata benda selalu berada dibelakang kata benda dan umumnya didahuli dengan kata yang. Sebagai contoh 'anak nakal' sama dengan 'anak yang nakal'. Sedang dalam bahasa Inggris yang menerangkan kata benda bisa berada didepannya dibelakangnya atau pada kedua posisi, depan dan belakang.

Berikut daftar jenis kata yang bisa menerangkan Noun serta nomor urut-nya.

No.	Pre-modifiers	EXAMPLES
1	Determiners	a, an, the, one, two, three, a few, some, several, all, this, that, my, your. etc.
2	Adjective (Phrase)	beautiful, big, old, rich, expensive, etc.
3	V-ing	challenging, sleeping, walking, shaking,
4	V-3	hidden, written, expected, baked, boiled
5	Noun	rice, book, birthday, English,

No.	Post-Modifiers	EXAMPLES
6	Prepositional Phrase	(prep+Noun) at, in, on, of, by,
7	V-ing Phrase	(Ving + Object/Adverb)
8	V-3 Phrase	(V-3 + Object/ Adverb)
9	to infinitive (Phrase)	to go, to eat, to study, etc.
10	Adjective Clause	who, whom, that, which, whose + ...........

Examples:

	Noun Phrase	modifiers	Meaning
1.	a boy	(1+NH)	seorang anak
2.	a naughty boy	(1+2+NH)	anak nakal
3.	a sleeping child	(1+3+NH)	anak yang sedang tidur
4.	singing birds	(3+NH)	burung-burung yang berkicau
5.	a wtitten test	(1+4+NH)	test tertulis
6.	the imported products	(1+4+NH)	produk-produk yang diimpor
7.	a birthday cake	(1+5+NH)	roti ulang tahun
8.	The tree behind the house	(1+NH+6)	Pohon yang berada dibelakang rumah
9.	The people living in poverty	(1+NH+7)	Orang-orang yang hidup dalam kemiskinan
10.	The papers presented at the meeting	(1+NH+8)	Makalah yang dipresentasikan dalam pertemuan itu
11	the book to read	(1+NH+9)	buku untuk dibaca
12.	The man who has 3 wives	(1+NH+10)	Pria yang mempunyai 3 istri

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Practice: NOUN PHRASE

A. Analyze and indetify the components that modify NOUN HEAD, then translate into Indonesian! Example: Some beautiful ladies beberapa gadis cantik. = (article+adjective+Noun Head) or (1+2+Noun) Tourists from Japan Turis-turis dari Jepang. = (Noun+prep phrase) or (Noun + 6) Many challenging problems A letter from my father The expected result Things made in Japan A written test Freedom to speak A chemical process A fried chicken The world food resources The other living creatures on the earth Wild plants growing in the forest Soft skin powder The scientific solutions to the problems. Some problems discussed before A woman to take care of the baby People working in the factory The smell of the drinks Nothing to eat The will to develop A psychological approach to the problem Fertile land forming the main food supplier His new ideas stated in the conference The chapters to be taught The government's attempts to improve the socio-economic condition of the people More serious attention to the prevention of this irresponsible practice Some crucial and complicated world problems existing in the 20th century. The books which we bought last night Some differences that we know Experts who can assist us in the development of modern technology. The lady whom we met last night The man whose wife is working here The process how cells multiply themselves The place where I was born The reason why the government always changes its policy B. Make those Noun Phrases in part A into a complete sentences

Practice 2: Noun Phrase

A. Arrange each of the word-groups in parentheses below in the CORRECT ORDER to form the APPROPRIATE SUBJECT of the sentence containing Noun Phrase (Susun-lah setiap kelompok kata yang dikurung di bawah ini dengan URUTAN yang BENAR untuk membentuk SUBYEK yang COCOK bagi kalimat yang berisi Noun Phrase): (the - chapter - book - of - ten) consists of fifteen pages. (the - Eisenhower - president - USA - of) was an army general. (the - seventeenth - August) is a very important day for us. (room - and - ten - eleven - room) are on the first floor. (the - Louis - king - fourteenth) was a strong man. 6 (Sumatra - in - East - Toba - Lake) has beautiful scenery. (the - Presley - singer - famous - Elvis) died there too. (the - Everest - peak - Mount - highest - world - the - in) lies north of India. (major - sergeant) is a rank above sergeant. (general - the - secretary) was an Asian then. (strait - Java - and - the - Sumatra - between) is Sunda Strait. (island - the - of - Kalimantan - east) is Sulawesi. (fourth - of - year - the - the - month) is April. (step - take - first - the - to) is just this. (lying - France - country - of - north - the) is Belgium. (islands - Asia - Australia - the - between - lying - and) are the Indonesian archipelago. (spoken - the - in - language - Germany) is German. (people - in - living - Denmark - the) are Danes. (native - Holland - of - a) is a Dutchman. (man - it - do - the - to - first) is your father. (containing - the - this - book - information) is not for sale. (article - written - by - the - John) is really interesting. (living - family - to - next - the - us) seems very rich. (taught - subject - Professor - the - by - Richards - Jack) is a tough subject. (talking - you - now - girl - the - to - just) is my sister. B. Complete each of the following sentences with the PROPER WORD/PHRASE chosen from those presented in parentheses behind each sentence (Lengkapilah setiap kalimat berikut ini dengan KATA/FRASA yang SESUAI yang dipilihkan dari kata-kata yang di kurung di belakang setiap kalimat): The papers.............................. at the meeting were good, (presenting, presented) The legs................................ the table are strong enough, (from, of, for) The man................................ in the yard is Father, (works, working, worked) The girl................................... long hair is Betty, (on, with, in) The young lady................................. the red gown is Anne, (in, on, with, wears) The book ..................................... by Jim is quite interesting, (reading, read) The next thing.................................... for us is only this, (do, doing, to do) The men............................................. in this job came here, (interested, interesting) The book................................... on the table is mine, (lies, lying, lain) The money...................................... is not ours, (steal, stealing, stolen) The problem for us........................... is quite simple, (solving, to solve, solve) The young man............................... the car is John, (drives, driving, driven) The task ............................... to us yesterday was rather tough, (giving, given) The table..................................... the hall is too large, (in, at, from, of) The man ............................... India is very skillful, (of, from, at) January.................................... is a holiday, (first, the first, one)

Practice 3: Noun Phrase

Translate the following Noun Phrases into English, then try to make complete sentences from those Noun Phrases. Berita yang mengejutkan Ayam bakar (ayam yang dibakar) Burung yang berkicau Barang-barang yang diimpor dari China (alat) pemasak nasi benda-benda terbang yang tidak dikenal (teridentifikasi) Orang-orang miskin yang tinggal di tepi sungai Seorang ibu bersama dengan tiga anak perempuannya Pemandangan yang indah bantuan untuk para korban gempa bumi di Yogyakarta produk-produk yang dipamerkan di lantai dasar Malioboro Mall Pasien yang menderita flu burung Orang kaya sombong yang tinggal diseberang jalan Mahasiswa yang tidak mengumpulkan tugas bahasa Inggris Penjahat yang ditembak polisi di depan kampus UGM Kebebasan untuk menungkapkan perasaannya

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Sentence

Definition

A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb. A sentence expresses a complete thought. A simple sentence has one subject and one verb. The subject tells who or what did something. The verb tells the action (or condition).

These are simple sentences:

Subject	Verb
I	study.
I	study and work.
My head	hurts.
My head and neck	hurt.
It	is raining.
The students	are reading.

(Notice that the subject in a simple sentence may be compound: My head and neck hurt. Also, the verb in a simple sentence may be compound: I study and work.)
NOTE: "Save your money" is also a complete sentence. The subject "you" is understood and not included.

Subject umumnya berupa kata benda (Noun), atau pengganti kata benda/orang (Pronoun), atau kata lain yang dibendakan (Gerund = kata kerja yang dibendakan, dan bisa juga to-infinitive). Noun dalam subject bisa hadir sendirian (single) atau dalam frasa kata benda (Noun Phrase).

Examples:

My bag is expensive	(Noun)
She likes apples.	(Pronoun)
Swimming makes me healhty.	(Gerund)
To err is human.	(to-infinitive)

Verbs adalah unsur inti dari predicate yang yang menceritakan kegiatan/ tindakan yang dilakukan oleh subject atau menceritakan tentang kondisi subject.

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Practice on Simple Sentences

Practice 1: Sentence

Check the Subject and Verb in the following sentences. Write True if the sentence has a complete Subject and Verb, and False if the sentence has no Subject, or no Verb. I lecture at UGM. English is easy. The book on the table. I breakfast at 7 a.m. My boarding house in front of the campus. I have three brothers and one sister. My father job a teacher. Many students in the library. The manager in the office with his staff. In Jogja she life in a dormitory behind the campus. Last week went fishing to the nearby mountain lake. Everything available in this new store. The new computer program has a variety of helpful applications. Many employees in the cafetaria in the lunch time. The boy going to the movie with a friend.

Practice 2: Sentence

Translate the following sentences into good English. Identify the subject of each sentence ( Noun, Pronoun, Gerund, or to infinitive. Sepatuku mahal Mereka tinggal di rumah kos belakang kampus. Kemarin saya sakit. Berjalan sendirian di malam hari berbahaya. Berenang menghabiskan banyak energy. Mencintai cewek matre' membuatku bangkrut. Pacar Andi sangat cantik. Banyak mahasiswa baru pergi ke kampus naik sepeda motor. Menjadi orang baik tidak mudah. Berpuasa itu sehat.

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PRACTICE: Dependent and Independent Causes

PRACTICE: Dependent and Independent Causes

Identify if the sentence is complete or incomplete:

1.	Because it was snowing when we woke up.
2.	A woman whom I admire.
3.	I will meet him before noon.
4.	Before she left for Tokyo.
5.	Although I knew the answer to all the questions.
6.	When did you get your driver's license?
7.	Before you get your driver's license.
8.	The park where we had a picnic was crowded.
9.	Where we saw her standing in the rain.
10.	Since I haven't heard from them for a month.

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PRACTICE: Dependent and Independent Causes

PRACTICE: Dependent and Independent Causes

Identify if each of the following clauses is an independent Clause or a dependent Clause

1.	When we arrived at the airport two hours later.
2.	We arrived at the airport two hours later.
3.	Because the teacher gave such hard exams.
4.	After they got married.
5.	Afterward, they got married.
6.	Which is not any easy thing to do.
7.	Which student got the highest grade?
8.	Whose sun glasses are these?
9.	While I was a student in high school.
10.	Where he parked his car.

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An independent clause

An independent clause is a clause (a group of words containing a subject and a verb) which can stand alone as a sentence. This kind of clause is an independent clause. A simple sentence is one independent clause.

Tom loves Erica.

(Simple Sentence, one independent clause)

Two independent clauses can be joined together by a comma and one of the seven coordinating conjunctions (and, but, so, or, nor, for, yet) to form a compound sentence. Further discussion in in the next chapter.

Examples:

	Bob is eating, and Tom is sleeping.
	Bob is clever, but Tom is stupid.
	You must study hard, or you fail.
	Bob told a joke, so Tom laughed.
	Bob is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.
	We rarely stay in hotels, for we can't afford it.

There are three possible ways of joining independent clauses:

John was sick; he didn't come to school.	independent clauses joined by punctuation
John was sick, so he didn't come to school.	independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction
John was sick; therefore he didn't come to school.	independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb.

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A dependent clause

A dependent clause is a clause (a group of words with a subject and a verb) that does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone. There are different kinds of dependent clauses:

(Dependent Clause adalah clause (kelompok kata dengan Subject dan Verb) yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat). Ada tiga jenis dependent clause:
■ dependent adjective clauses


which is celebrated on May 1st whose child
whose child was kidnapped

■ dependent adverb clauses
before he died
because she loved him

■ dependent noun clauses
that we could go whether it was raining



A dependent clause must be connected to an independent clause in order to make a complete sentence, which is called a complex sentence. Further discussion is in the next chapter. Read More......

Sentences

A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb.A sentence expresses a complete thought. There are four kinds of sentences in English: simple sentence, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. This classification is based on the number and the kind of clauses within a sentence.

1). Simple Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry.
2). Compound Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry and he gave it to his wife.
3). Complex Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry that his wife wanted.
4). Compound-Complex Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry and he gave it to his wife because he wanted to make her more beautiful.

Another classification of sentences is by types:

1.) Declarative Sentences (Statements) : Kalimat Pernyataan
	The girl studies at UMY.
2). Negative Sentences: Kalimat Negatif
	She does not study at UMY.
	She is not a student.
3). Interrogative Sentences (Questions) : Kalimat Tanya
	Does she study at UMY?
4).	Imperative Sentence (Commads, Requests): Kalimat Perintah
	Give me the book!	Help me, please?
5). Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamation): Kalimat Seru
	What a beutiful girl!	What beautiful eyes she has! (What + noun)
	How beautiful she is!	How beautifully she behaves (How+adjective/Adverb)

Clauses

A. Independent Clauses

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. Some clauses can stand alone as a sentence. This kind of clause is an independent clause. (independent clause adalah clause yang bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat). A simple sentence is one independent clause.

Example:

John was sick.

(A sentence with one independent clause)

A compound sentence is two independent clauses joined together by punctuation and a coordinating conjunction.

Examples:

John was sick; he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by punctuation)
John was sick, so he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction)
John was sick; therefore he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb)

B. Dependent Clauses

A dependent clause is a clause (a group of words with a subject and a verb) that does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone. (Dependent clause adalah clause yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri karena tidak menyatakan pikiran yang lengkap). There are different kinds of dependent clauses:

Adverbial Clause	The concert was canceled because the soloist became ill.
Adjective Clause	The student who gets the highest grades will receive an award.
Noun Clause	I don't know whether they still live there.

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PREPOSITION and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

PREPOSITION and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. A prepositional phrase usually tells where, when, how, or why.

Prepositional Phrase = Preposition + Noun (phrase)

Examples of Prepositional Phrase
from Mexico City in the morning
on December 25 of my sisters
to my best friend around the room
by bus because of the weather Read More......

TO INFINITIVE PHRASES

TO INFINITIVE PHRASES

To Infinitive phrase adalah bentuk 'to+verb' yang diikuti oleh object atau adverb dari verb tersebut.

Look at the TO INFINITIVE as SUBJECT of a sentence.

EXAMPLES

To err is human.

To attempt to climb that peak would be foolish.

To furnish a house is expensive.

To go to Sydney by car takes four hours.

To play the violin well is very difficult.

Such 'to infinitive subjects' appear more commonly after anticipatory 'It'.

It is nice to meet you.

It will make him very happy to ask for more money.

It is a good idea to win the game.

Look at TO INFINITIVE Phrase as OBJECT

Some verbs are usually followed by INFINITIVE as OBJECT. Here are the examples:

I want to eat

I can't afford to stay in a hotel.

He forgot to bring a dictionary.

Look at TO INFINITIVE Phrase as COMPLEMENT

The only thing we can do is to call the police.

Too see her is to love her.

A good way to prepare liver is to broil it.

Look at TO INFINITIVE as ADVERB

I come here to meet your father.

He moved his chair to be closer to her.

We eat to live.

They hired their neighbor to take care of their lawn.

Look at TO INFINITIVE as Appositive Nouns

He asked for only one thing - to be left in peace.

I am aware that a heavy responsibility rests on you, to help support your aging parents.

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Practice of To Infinitive Phrase

PRACTICE: TO INFINITIVE PHRASES

Complete these sentences with TO INFINITIVE PHRASE 1. To ride a bicycle is .......... ......... ......... ......... 2. To drive a car is .......... ......... ......... ......... ..... 3. To understand calculus requires .......... ...... ......... .... 4. To speed is .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ... 5. To get into debt would be ......... ......... ......... ......... . 6. To swim out too far would be ...... ......... ......... ......... . 7. To love a materialistic girl is ... ......... ......... ......... .. 8. ......... ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... .. is important. 9. ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... ..would be fun. 10. ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... .would be ridiculous. 11 It is difficult ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .. 12 It is ridiculous ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... ..

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PAST PARTICPLE PHRASES

PAST PARTICPLE PHRASES

Past Participle adalah bentuk V-3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjective atau adverb. Past Participle Phrase adalah bentuk V-3 yang diikuti oleh object atau adverb dari V-3 tesebut. Fungsinya sama seperti adjective atau adverb. Past participle phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adjective asalnya dari adjective clause (passive). Past participle phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adverb asalnya dari adverb clause (passive). Examples: Impressed by the teacher's advice, Helen concentrated more on her Physics. past participle phrase as an adverb. The meal prepared by my young brother was first-rate. past participle as an adjective PAST PATICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADVERB You can join ideas by means of PARTICIPLE PHRASES : Look at these two ideas: He was broken-hearted. He left town. You can join them in these two ways: Because he was broken-hearted, he left the town. (Aderb Clause). Broken-hearted, he left the town. (Past Participle Phrase). Here are more examples: Overcome with sadness, Paul refused to go out with the others. Persuaded by her daughter's pleas, Mrs Williams bought the stereo. Puzzled by her rudeness, Edward stared at her. PAST PATICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADJECTIVE Look at these sentences: The letter was written last week. It has not yet arrived. These two ideas can be joined in different ways: WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSE The letter that was written last week has not yet arrived. PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASE The letter written last week has not yet arrived. EXAMPLES Study these: I have copied the materials taken from many different books. I have just bought a car made in Germany. Books printed in Hongkong are cheaper. Clothes made in Italy are very elegant. The money left by the old miser went to a cats' home. The meal prepared by my young brother was delicious.

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PRACTICE 2: Past Participle Phrases (as Adverbs)

PRACTICE 1: Past Participle Phrases (as Adverbs)

A. Complete these sentences by adding MAIN CLAUSES: Stunned by the news, ...................... ..................... ....................... ...................... Moved by the old man's poverty, ................ .................... ................... .............. Inspired by his parents' sacrifices, ............ ................. .................. ................. Shattered by the death of his dog, ............. ................... .............. .................. Overwhelmed by her aunt's generosity, ............ .................. ............. .............. Dumbfounded by his test results, ............ .............. ............ ............. ................ Excited by the opportunity, .............. .............. ............. ............. ...................... Offended by his sister's comments, ................ .............. ........... ..................... B. Complete these sentences by adding PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASES: .............. ................... ................... .................. ...................., he applied for the job. .............. .................. ................. ............ .................., Rory set off for Queensland. ........... ............. ........... ........... ........., Margaret collapsed into the nearest chair. ........ ................. ............... ................. ........... ................, Fika fainted. ............ .......... .................. ............. ......................., Terry stared into his coffee. ............... ............... ............. .................. ............... .................., John hung up. (Note: All participial phrases must refer to a noun or Pronoun in the Main Clause.)

PRACTICE 2: Past Participle Phrases (as Adjectives)

A. Complete these sentences by adding MAIN CLAUSES: Bread made from whole meal flour ............ ................. .................. ........... ........ Children encouraged at home .............. ................. ............. ............. ................ Money left lying around .......... ................ ............... ................. ............ .............. ............... ................. ................ ............. ..................... manufactured in Japan. ........... ................. .................. .................... ..................... painted a bright red. ........... ................ ........... ................. ............... ......... dated 18th December last. ............ ..................... ................... .................. ................. picked up at the tip. ............ ............. ............. .............. ........... ........... borrowed from my big sister. (Remember that your PARTICIPLE PHRASE needs a noun in the MAIN CLAUSE) B. Complete these sentences by adding PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASES: I want to buy a car .......... .................. ................... .................. ......................... I like chocolates .............. .................. ................ .............. ................ ............... Ben has spent all the money............. ............... ............... ............... ................ Have you seen any of the plays ........... .................. ............... .............. ............. The eager shop assistant showed us furniture ......... ......... ......... ........ ........... Allan has some excellent barramundi ......... ............. ............ ........... ....... ........ Write a report of the experiment ........ .................. ....................... ...................! I didn't get the score ......... ............ ................. ............. ................... ................. (Note: All participial phrases must refer to a noun or Pronoun in the Main Clause.)

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