Sentence with 'to be'

Salah satu kesalahan yang sering muncul dalam writing mahasiswa adalah penggunaan 'to be' pada kalimat yang seharusnya tidak menggunkan to be. Karena tidak semua kalimat memerlukan kehadiran 'to be'. Berikut ini pola kalimat yang menggunakan to be sebagai Verb, atau sebagai bagian dari Verb:

1. Dalam Nominal Sentence

Dalam Nominal Sentence diperlukan 'to be' sebagai linking verb sebagai Verb-nya: Sehingga pola kalimatnya menjadi:

Subject + to be + Complement

Keterangan TO BE: is, am, are. was, were
Jenis kata berikut bisa sebagai Complement:
1. Noun
2. Adjective,
3. Adverb of place or
4. prepositional phrase

Examples:
1. He is a lecturer. (Noun)
2. We are happy. (Adjective)
3. She is here. (Adverb of place)
4. We are in the classroom (prep. Phrase)
5. You are in danger. (Prep. Phrase)

2. dalam 'Progressive Tense'. (Sedang)

Subject + to be + V-ing

Examples:
Mereka sedang menonton sepak bola
They are watching football.

Dia sedang membaca koran.
He is reading newspaper.

3. dalam 'Passive Voice' (kalimat pasif)

Subject + to be + V-3

Examples:
Perampok itu terbunuh.
The robber was killed
Buku ini ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris
The book was witten in English.
Lantai ini dibersihkan setiap pagi.
The floor is cleaned every morning.

Sebagian besar verb-3 dibentuk dengan penambahan akhiran -ed, sama seperti pembentukan Verb-2, tetapi untuk beberapa verbs yang termasuk irregular verbs tidak ada aturan tetap, sehingga harus dihafalkan. More about Passive Voice Read More......

Practice : Sentence with 'to be'

Translate the following sentences into good English.
1. Teman-temanku di perpustakaan.
2. Mereka sedang mengerjakan tugas Bahasa Inggris.
3. Dompetku ditemukan di bawah tempat tidur.
4. Sepatuku dibeli 4 hari yang lalu di Malioboro Mall.
5. Para korban gempa sedang membangun rumah mereka.
6. Rumah kosku disebelah Kampus Stikes.
7. Saya sedang memikirkan pacarku yang cantik.
8. Peserta seminar sedang mendiskusikan masalah kesehatan.
9. Pasien flu burung dipindah ke ruang khusus.
10. Semua mahasiswa perempuan diwajibkan memakai jilbab.
11. Hari ini saya sangat bahagia.
12. Dia teman terbaikku di kampus ini. Read More......

Sentence Patterns

Simple sentence memiliki beberapa pola diantarannya sebagai berikut:

Examples:

1).	Subject	Verb
	The cat	died
2).	Subject	Verb	Complement
	She	is	beautiful
3).	Subject	Verb	Adverb
	My father	went	to Jakarta
4)	Subject	Verb	Object
	A cow	eats	grass
5)	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
	He	gave	me	a book
6)	Subject	Verb	Object 2	Object 1
	He	gave	a book	to me
7)	Subject	Verb	Complement	Adverb
	Yunita	was	sick	yesterday
8.	Subject	Verb	Object	Adverb
	I	bought	a dictionary	yesterday
9.	Subject	Verb	Adverb1	Adverb2
	My father	went	to Jakarta	yesterday

Karena adverb tertentu bisa fleksibel posisinnya (awal, tengah, atau akhir kalimat), pola lain diluar itu masih mungkin.

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Practice : Sentence Pattern

Translate the following sentences into good English and write the pattern of each sentence.

1. Teman-temanmu di perpustakaan sejam yang lalu.
2. Saya membelikan hadiah ulang tahun ini untuk pacarku.
3. Singa-singa itu sedang tidur.
4. Kemarin dia membawakan ibuku sayur mayur.
5. Mereka pergi ke pantai Parangteritis hari minggu lalu.
6. Kita sangat berbahagia pada hari lebaran.
7. Dosen itu meminjamkan saya buku referensi.
8. Kamus ini mahal.
9. Setiap orang membutuhkan uang.
10. Saya sangat bahagia hari ini. Read More......

Subject-Verb Agreement

Dalam "Present Tense" antara Subject dan Verb harus bersesuaian. Artinya:

• Apabila subject dalam bentuk singular (tunggal), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk singular (tunggal).
• Apabila subject dalam bentuk plural (jamak), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk plural (jamak).

Subject (plural) + Verb (plural)

Subject ( Singular) + Verb (singular)

Examples

The boy walks to school.

The boys walk to school

My friends are nice.

One of my friends is nice.

Catatan:

'Plural Noun' biasanya berakhiran -s/es, singular Noun TANPA -s/es, sebaliknya 'plural Verb' TANPA akhiran -s/es dan 'singular Verb' berakhiran -s/es.

Untuk “to be”, Pada present tense is dipergunakan dengan subject tunggal dan are dengan subject jamak. Pada past tense was dengan subject tunggall dan were untuk subject jamak.

Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan kaitannya dengan Subject-Verb Agreement adalah:

1. Subject with Prepositional Phrase.

Untuk Subjek yang berupa frase (noun phrase) yang diterangkan oleh prepositional phrase, yang menjadi subjek adalah kata benda utamanya, yang biasanya terletak sebelum preposisi;

Examples:

1. One of my friends lives in this remote village
2. Three of my friends live in this remote village.
3. The trees behind the house are very tall.
4. The tree behind the houses is very tall.
5. A group of students goes to Kaliurang every Sunday.
6. A group of university students goes camping every weekend.
7. An increase in the sales of new cars makes the traffic jam worse.

2. Subject with Expressions of Quantity

Aturan khusus terjadi bila Subject adalah "Expressions of Quantity" seperti kata: all, most, some, part, diikuti preposisi of. Dalam kasus ini Subject (all, most, some) bisa singular atau plural, tergantung pada apa yang mengikuti preposisi 'of'.

All (of the book) was interesting. -(singular)

All (of the books) were interesting. -(plural)

All (of the information) was interesting. -(uncountable)

Some of the animals were released from the zoo into the animal preserve. -(plural)

3. Subject of Certain words

Kata-kata berikut secara grammar selalu singular, sehingga memerlukan Verb singular.

anybody	everybody	nobody
anyone	everyone	no one
anything	everything	nothing

somebody	every(+noun)	either / either of ……
someone	each (+noun)	neither / neither of …….
something	each of……

Examples:

1. Everybody needs money.
2. Nobody comes here.
3. Each of the students is required to sign the forms.
4. Everybody is impressed with the view of Danau Toba.
5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.
6. There are two girls approaching Setiawan. Either of them wears blue jeans.

4.	Subjek yang menyatakan hitungan jarak, volume, berat, uang, prosentase, dan waktu selalu dianggap tungal, oleh karenanya predikatnya-pun tunggal.

Examples:

1. 250 kilometers is the distance for the race.
2. 4.5435 liters is equal to 1,201 gallons.
3. 60 kilograms was her weight when she was young.
4. Seventy five percent of Indonesian populations lives in Java.
5. $ 10 (ten dollars) has the same value as Rp. 100,000
6. 12 months has 365 days

5.	Subyek yang terbentuk dari gerund (verb-ing) atau 'to-infinitive' harus dianggap tunggal.

• Swimming makes us healthy.
• Producing fine paintings requires skill and creativity.
• To err is human.

6.	Subyek dengan kata ‘number’ bisa dianggap singular dan bisa juga plural.

• A number of .......... harus diikuti Verb bentuk jamak
• The number of ........... harus diikuti Verb bentuk tunggal

Example:

1. The number of illiterate people in our country decreases drastically.
2. A number of illiterate people in our country decrease drastically

7.	Untuk kata ‘either’ berpasangan dengan ‘or’ atau ‘neither’ berpasangan dengan ‘nor’, verb-nya tergantung pada kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’.

1. Neither Agus nor Rudy is going to class today.
2. Either Yuni or Nunik is going to the beach today.
3. Neither Rudy nor his friends are going to class today.
4. Either Rudy or his cassmates are going to beach today.
5. Rudy or Rita is going to class today.
6. Rudy or his friends are going to class today.

8.	Subject dari kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung ( uncountable noun ) harus dianggap singular.

Examples :

• Water flows to the lower part of the land.
• The news of Yunita’s marriage is surprising many boys.

9. Nama – nama cabang ilmu harus dianggap singular

Examples :

• Mathematics needs to be taught in Kindergarten.
• Economics is one of the subjects that I take this semester.

10.	Keterangan tambahan untuk Kata Benda pada Subject, seperti prepositional phrase, appositives, present participle phrase, past participle phrase, dan adjective clause tidak mempengaruhi singular/plural pada Verb-nya. Yang mempengaruhi Verb-nya adalah Kata Benda utamanya (NOUN HEAD).

Examples:

1. Yuliana, together with her friends, is watching the film.
2. Fitri, accompanied by her parents, is complaining her English score of the final test.
3. The woman (who lives together with her four daugthers) is very poor.
4. Sally, the best student in the class, lives in a dormitory.
5. The packages mailed at the post office yesterday are for my brother in Jakarta.
6. The man talking to his friend has three wives.
7. Tommy, the youngest son of former President Soeharto, was sent to Nusakambangan.

Catatan: Appositives adalah Noun atau Noun Phrase yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda lain: antara yang menerangkan dan yang diterangkan mengacu ke hal yang sama. Lihat contoh 1 dan 7

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More Exercise Subject-Verb Agreement

PRACTICE 1: Subject-Verb Agreement

You already know that subjects and verbs must agree in number. Choose a verb that agrees with the subject. My sister (is / are) married. My sisters (is / are) married. My brother and my sister (is / are) single. All of my brothers (is / are) students. One of my brothers (is / are) a musician. Neither of mv parents (is / are) living. Much of my time (is / are) spent in the library. Both of my parents (is / are) teachers. Several of the teachers (speak / speaks) my language. Either of my sisters (have / has) no boyfriend. Some of the money (was / were) missing. Some of the students (was / were) missing. Each of my brothers (want / wants) his own car. Most of the ice (was / were) melted. Most of the ice cubes (was / were) melted. All of my time (is / are) spent in the library. A lot of the people (was / were) angry. A lot of the work (was / were) too easy. A group of young people (go / goes) to Kaliurang every saturday night. The mother with her little children often (sleep / sleeps) in front of the store.

Practice 2: Subject Verb Agreement

Translate the following sentences. Make the Verb agrees with the Subject. Sungai Progo mengalir ke laut selatan. Semua sungai mengalir ke laut. Sekelompok pendaki gunung tinggal di sebuah tenda tua. Setiap mahasiswa menginginkan nilai yang baik. Tak seorangpun mengetahui nama lengkapku. Sebagian besar mahasiswa tinggal di rumah kos. Pacarku tinggal di asrama . Ibu Tamara bersama tiga anaknya tinggal di rumah baru. Bumi mengelilingi matahari. Salah satu teman kelasku sakit. Liburan Idul Fitri mulai hari ini. Empat kilometer tidak begitu jauh. Berenang di pantai Parangteritis berbahaya. Membaca buku memerlukan konsentrasi. Segala sesuatu mahal di kota ini.

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EXERCISE I Subject Verb Agreement

Subject-Verb Agreement

1.	A number of students in UMY …. each year.
	A. increase B. increased C. increases D. has increased E. is increasing

2.	To face the globalization era in 2020, improvement in all sectors of the economy ……..
	A. highly necessitated B. is highly necessary C. the necessity is very high D. are necessarily high E. are highly necessitated

3.	The burden of economic problems … the majority of Indonesian people.
	A. have been frustrated B. deeply frustrate C. it is deeply frustrating D. has frustrated E. are frustrated

4.	Different interpretations on the same event by various newspapers ….. readers confused and angry.
	A. to make B. they make C. make D. it makes E. makes

5.	At the beginning of the semester, each of the students ……… given a new time-table.
	A. he is B. they are C. are D. is E. be

6.	Due to monetary crisis, the number of people without jobs ……… at the moment.
	A. increase B. is increasing C. increased D. was increasing E. will increase

7.	One of the problems faced by foreign businessmen …….. the frequent changing of regulations.
	A. are B. is C. is being D. to be E. be

8.	Due to the current financial condition, our budget plan for 1998/ 1999 ………..
	A. needs to review B. needs to be reviewed C. needs review D. is needed to be reviewed E. it needs reviewing

9.	The way he smiles and talks always ……….. many girls.
	A. to attract B. is attracts C. attracts D. attracting E. attract

10.	In the next poetry reading contest, each of the contestants ……… expected to be more critical and more accurate in pronunciation.
	A. is B. to be C. are D. being E. they are

11.	Five hundred miles ………. a long distance to drive in one day.
	A. to be B. they are C. are being D. is E. it is

12.	The increase in the sales of new cars …….. expected to make traffic jam worse.
	A. is B. being C. are D. to be E. be

13.	Producing fine paintings ……skill and creativity.
	A. require B. they require C. it is requiring D. requires E. it requires

14.	The number of illiterate people in our country …………. drastically.
	A. to decrease B. decrease C. has decreased D. they decrease E. it

15.	Neither the football players nor their coach ........... satisfied with the referee's decision.
	A. was B. being C. be D. he was E. were

16.	Although the boys have enough money, neither of them ……….. going on vacation.
	A. was B. were C. are D. have been E. is

17.	All the classmates of their only son …. invited to his birthday party.
	A. am B. be C. are D. being E. is

18.	The school has a lot of classroom, each of them …….. equipped with an overhead projector.
	A. are B. being C. is D. to be E. they are

19.	Neither the students nor the professor ………. happy about the result of the experiment.
	A. have been B. was C. to be D. are E. were

20.	An increase in the number of students …….. expected next year.
	A. are B. were C. is D. will E. was

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Subject-Verb Agreement

Dalam "Present Tense" antara Subject dan Verb harus bersesuaian. Artinya:

• Apabila subject dalam bentuk singular (tunggal), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk singular (tunggal).
• Apabila subject dalam bentuk plural (jamak), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk plural (jamak).

Subject (plural) + Verb (plural)

Subject ( Singular) + Verb (singular)

Examples

The boy walks to school.

The boys walk to school

My friends are nice.

One of my friends is nice.

Catatan:

'Plural Noun' biasanya berakhiran -s/es, singular Noun TANPA -s/es, sebaliknya 'plural Verb' TANPA akhiran -s/es dan 'singular Verb' berakhiran -s/es.

Untuk “to be”, Pada present tense is dipergunakan dengan subject tunggal dan are dengan subject jamak. Pada past tense was dengan subject tunggall dan were untuk subject jamak.

Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan kaitannya dengan Subject-Verb Agreement adalah:

1. Subject with Prepositional Phrase.

Untuk Subjek yang berupa frase (noun phrase) yang diterangkan oleh prepositional phrase, yang menjadi subjek adalah kata benda utamanya, yang biasanya terletak sebelum preposisi;

Examples:

1. One of my friends lives in this remote village
2. Three of my friends live in this remote village.
3. The trees behind the house are very tall.
4. The tree behind the houses is very tall.
5. A group of students goes to Kaliurang every Sunday.
6. A group of university students goes camping every weekend.
7. An increase in the sales of new cars makes the traffic jam worse.

2. Subject with Expressions of Quantity

Aturan khusus terjadi bila Subject adalah "Expressions of Quantity" seperti kata: all, most, some, part, diikuti preposisi of. Dalam kasus ini Subject (all, most, some) bisa singular atau plural, tergantung pada apa yang mengikuti preposisi 'of'.

All (of the book) was interesting. -(singular)

All (of the books) were interesting. -(plural)

All (of the information) was interesting. -(uncountable)

Some of the animals were released from the zoo into the animal preserve. -(plural)

3. Subject of Certain words

Kata-kata berikut secara grammar selalu singular, sehingga memerlukan Verb singular.

anybody	everybody	nobody
anyone	everyone	no one
anything	everything	nothing

somebody	every(+noun)	either / either of ……
someone	each (+noun)	neither / neither of …….
something	each of……

Examples:

1. Everybody needs money.
2. Nobody comes here.
3. Each of the students is required to sign the forms.
4. Everybody is impressed with the view of Danau Toba.
5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.
6. There are two girls approaching Setiawan. Either of them wears blue jeans.

4.	Subjek yang menyatakan hitungan jarak, volume, berat, uang, prosentase, dan waktu selalu dianggap tungal, oleh karenanya predikatnya-pun tunggal.

Examples:

1. 250 kilometers is the distance for the race.
2. 4.5435 liters is equal to 1,201 gallons.
3. 60 kilograms was her weight when she was young.
4. Seventy five percent of Indonesian populations lives in Java.
5. $ 10 (ten dollars) has the same value as Rp. 100,000
6. 12 months has 365 days

5.	Subyek yang terbentuk dari gerund (verb-ing) atau 'to-infinitive' harus dianggap tunggal.

• Swimming makes us healthy.
• Producing fine paintings requires skill and creativity.
• To err is human.

6.	Subyek dengan kata ‘number’ bisa dianggap singular dan bisa juga plural.

• A number of .......... harus diikuti Verb bentuk jamak
• The number of ........... harus diikuti Verb bentuk tunggal

Example:

1. The number of illiterate people in our country decreases drastically.
2. A number of illiterate people in our country decrease drastically

7.	Untuk kata ‘either’ berpasangan dengan ‘or’ atau ‘neither’ berpasangan dengan ‘nor’, verb-nya tergantung pada kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’.

1. Neither Agus nor Rudy is going to class today.
2. Either Yuni or Nunik is going to the beach today.
3. Neither Rudy nor his friends are going to class today.
4. Either Rudy or his cassmates are going to beach today.
5. Rudy or Rita is going to class today.
6. Rudy or his friends are going to class today.

8.	Subject dari kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung ( uncountable noun ) harus dianggap singular.

Examples :

• Water flows to the lower part of the land.
• The news of Yunita’s marriage is surprising many boys.

9. Nama – nama cabang ilmu harus dianggap singular

Examples :

• Mathematics needs to be taught in Kindergarten.
• Economics is one of the subjects that I take this semester.

10.	Keterangan tambahan untuk Kata Benda pada Subject, seperti prepositional phrase, appositives, present participle phrase, past participle phrase, dan adjective clause tidak mempengaruhi singular/plural pada Verb-nya. Yang mempengaruhi Verb-nya adalah Kata Benda utamanya (NOUN HEAD).

Examples:

1. Yuliana, together with her friends, is watching the film.
2. Fitri, accompanied by her parents, is complaining her English score of the final test.
3. The woman (who lives together with her four daugthers) is very poor.
4. Sally, the best student in the class, lives in a dormitory.
5. The packages mailed at the post office yesterday are for my brother in Jakarta.
6. The man talking to his friend has three wives.
7. Tommy, the youngest son of former President Soeharto, was sent to Nusakambangan.

Catatan: Appositives adalah Noun atau Noun Phrase yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda lain: antara yang menerangkan dan yang diterangkan mengacu ke hal yang sama. Lihat contoh 1 dan 7

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