PRACTICE 2 A: Compound Sentences

PRACTICE 2 A: Compound Sentences

Decide which of the following are compound sentences and which are simple sentences. Click CS or SS in the space at the left, and add commas to the compound sentences. Some states allow you to get married at age fourteen but most states require you to be sixteen. Couples may get married in a church or in a government office. A religious official or a government official may perform the marriage ceremony. The bride's family pays for the wedding but the groom's family pays for the rehearsal dinner. The groom enters the church, and waits for his bride at the front. The friends of the groom write "Just Married" on the young couple's car and the old shoes and tin cans to the rear bumper. The bride usually wears a white dress and carries a bouquet of flowers in her hands. The bachelor party lasted until 3:00 a.m, so the groom was late to his own wedding.

PRACTICE 2 B: Compound Sentences

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences to make a compound sentence. Use all three ways you have just learned, and punctuate carefully. a). use a conjunction b). use a semicolon c). use sentence connector. Robots can do boring, repetitive work. They can do unsafe jobs. Robots can make minor decisions. They cannot really think. Robots don't get tired, sick, or hungry.They can work twenty-four hours a day. Human factory workers must learn new skills. They will be out of work because of robots. Answer: 1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. c. 3. a. b. c. 4. a. b. (not possible) c.

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Compound Sentence

Compound Sentence
1. The bride's guests sit on the left, ..... the groom's guests sit on the right. A. but B. or C. and D. so 2. The bride's father pays for the wedding, ........ he doesn't pay for the rehearsal dinner. A. and B. but C. or D. so 3. The party lasted until midnight, ....... everyone was tired. A. so B. and C. but D. or 4. The bride may have one bridesmaid, ....... she may have several. A. and B. but C. so D. or 5. The wind is blowing, ......... it is not cold A. yet B. for C. nor D. so 6. Some people are starting to leave, ........ the storm is predicted to reach the city. A. nor B. yet C. for D. so 7. The sun isn't shining, ......... is the wind blowing now. A. or B. nor C. for D. and 8. We rarely stay in the hotel, for ................................... A. we are rich. B. the hotel fare is cheap. C. we are on vacation. D. we cannot afford it. 9. ........................ but I don't bring my ATM card. A. I need to withdraw money soon B. I want to save my money in the bank C. I don't need much money. D. I found a wallet 10. The electricity is off, so ........................ A. I can finish my paper. B. I don't need to submit my paper. C. I cannot finish my paper. D. I will study all the night.

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Compound Sentence

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is composed of two simple sentences joined together by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. So, a compound sentences consists of two independent clauses. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English: and, but, so, or, for, nor, and yet. Here are compound sentences: Tom loves Erica, and she loves him. Jack loves Jean, but she loves Ronald. Jack should forget Jean, or he will die a lonely man. Jean doesn't love Jack, so she won't marry him. Bob is tired, yet he is not going to sleep. We rarely stay in hotels, for we can't afford it. I can't swim well, nor can I play tennis. RULES FOR USING COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ■ and joins sentences that are alike. ■ but joins sentences that are opposite or show contrast. ■ so joins sentences when the second sentence expresses the result of something described in the first sentence. ■ or joins sentences that give choices or alternatives. ■ yet has approximately the same meaning as but', that is, it shows contrast or joins opposites. ■ for means because; it introduces a reason or cause. ■ nor means not this and not that; use nor to join two negative sentences. NOTE-1: The word order after nor is like a question. The helping verb (is, does, did, can, will, etc.) comes before the subject of the part of the sentence introduced by nor. NOTE-2: Use a comma before the coordinating conjunction in compound sentences only. Do not use a comma when joining compound elements in simple sentences. Notice the difference: Compound sentence. The bride may have one bridesmaid, or she may have several. Simple sentence with a compound complement: The bride may have one bridesmaid or several. Compound sentence: They wanted to get married immediately, but they decided to wait until June. Simple sentence with a compound verb: They wanted to get married immediately but decided to wait until June. The second way to make a compound sentence is to join the two independent clauses with a semicolon (;). Tom loves Erica; she loves him. Jack loves Jean; she loves Ronald. Jean doesn't love Jack; she won't marry him. NOTE: Or cannot be replaced by a semicolon. A third way to make a compound sentence is to join the two independent clauses with a semicolon + sentence connector + comma. A sentence connector is a word such as however or therefore. Here is a list of frequently used sentence connectors and their approximate meanings. Sentence Connector Meaning moreover and furthermore and however but otherwise or, in the sense of "if not" therefore so, in the sense of "as a result" Tom loves Erica; moreover, she loves him. Tom loves Erica; furthermore, she loves him. Jack loves Jean; however, she loves Ronald. Jack should forget Jean; otherwise, he will die a lonely man. Jean doesn't love Jack; therefore, she won't marry him.

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Practice : Sentence without 'to be'

Translate the following sentences into good English.

1. Kamu bisa menemuiku besok pagi.
2. Mereka sudah menyelesaikan semua tugas bahasa Inggris I.
3. Saya membeli kamus ini di Shopping Center.
4. Semua sungai mengalir ke laut.
5. Saya lulus SMA tahun 2006.
6. Dia berasal dari Surabaya.
7. Kita sudah makan siang.
8. Saya biasanya bangun tidur sekitar jam 5 pagi.
9. Musim hujan biasanya mulai di bulan Oktober.
10. Orangtuaku akan berkunjung ke rumah kos-ku minggu depan.

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Sentence without 'to be'

Tidak semua kalimat membutuhkan kehadiran 'to be'. Kalimat berikut tanpa 'to be':

1. Verbal Sentence yang bermakna kebiasaan (Present Tense)

Untuk menerangkan sesuatu yang bersifat kebiasaan: habits, routines, permanent actions or general truth, digunakan (Verb-1/ Verb+es).
1. The sun rises in the morning -(general truth)
2. I Play basketball on Sundays. -(habit)
3. She loves me. -(hopefully permanent)

2. Verbal Sentence yang bermakna lampau (Past Tense).

Dalam kalimat yang bersifat 'Lampau', digunakan (Verb2 / Verb+ed).
Subject + Verb-2

Examples:
1. I played football yesterday afternoon.
2. She bought a dictionary three days ago.
3. We renovated the house last year.


Past form (V2) dari Regular Verbs dibentuk dengan menambah akhiran -ed pada Verb tersebut. Sedangkan Past form dari Irregular Verbs tidak ada aturan tetap, sehingga harus dihafalkan.

3. Kalimat dengan Modal Auxiliary Verb

Modal Auxiliary Verb atau singkatnya disebut Modal terdiri dari kata-kata berikut:
Can
Could
must
May
Might
ought to
Will
Would
Shall
Should

Pola kalimat:
Subject + modal+ Verb-1

Examples:
I can swim.
They will go to Jakarta.
You should finish your job soon.

4. Kalimat yang bermakna 'Sudah/ Telah' (Perfect Tense)

Dalam pola kalimat ini have/has/had bermakna sudah atau telah.
Subject + have/has/had+ V3

Examples:
Dia sudah mengumpulkan tugas bahasa Inggris.
She has submitted the English assignment.

Mereka sudah merenovasi rumahnya.
They have renovated their houses. Read More......

Sentence with 'to be'

Salah satu kesalahan yang sering muncul dalam writing mahasiswa adalah penggunaan 'to be' pada kalimat yang seharusnya tidak menggunkan to be. Karena tidak semua kalimat memerlukan kehadiran 'to be'. Berikut ini pola kalimat yang menggunakan to be sebagai Verb, atau sebagai bagian dari Verb:

1. Dalam Nominal Sentence

Dalam Nominal Sentence diperlukan 'to be' sebagai linking verb sebagai Verb-nya: Sehingga pola kalimatnya menjadi:

Subject + to be + Complement

Keterangan TO BE: is, am, are. was, were
Jenis kata berikut bisa sebagai Complement:
1. Noun
2. Adjective,
3. Adverb of place or
4. prepositional phrase

Examples:
1. He is a lecturer. (Noun)
2. We are happy. (Adjective)
3. She is here. (Adverb of place)
4. We are in the classroom (prep. Phrase)
5. You are in danger. (Prep. Phrase)

2. dalam 'Progressive Tense'. (Sedang)

Subject + to be + V-ing

Examples:
Mereka sedang menonton sepak bola
They are watching football.

Dia sedang membaca koran.
He is reading newspaper.

3. dalam 'Passive Voice' (kalimat pasif)

Subject + to be + V-3

Examples:
Perampok itu terbunuh.
The robber was killed
Buku ini ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris
The book was witten in English.
Lantai ini dibersihkan setiap pagi.
The floor is cleaned every morning.

Sebagian besar verb-3 dibentuk dengan penambahan akhiran -ed, sama seperti pembentukan Verb-2, tetapi untuk beberapa verbs yang termasuk irregular verbs tidak ada aturan tetap, sehingga harus dihafalkan. More about Passive Voice Read More......

Subject-Verb Agreement

Dalam "Present Tense" antara Subject dan Verb harus bersesuaian. Artinya:

• Apabila subject dalam bentuk singular (tunggal), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk singular (tunggal).
• Apabila subject dalam bentuk plural (jamak), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk plural (jamak).

Subject (plural) + Verb (plural)

Subject ( Singular) + Verb (singular)

Examples

The boy walks to school.

The boys walk to school

My friends are nice.

One of my friends is nice.

Catatan:

'Plural Noun' biasanya berakhiran -s/es, singular Noun TANPA -s/es, sebaliknya 'plural Verb' TANPA akhiran -s/es dan 'singular Verb' berakhiran -s/es.

Untuk “to be”, Pada present tense is dipergunakan dengan subject tunggal dan are dengan subject jamak. Pada past tense was dengan subject tunggall dan were untuk subject jamak.

Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan kaitannya dengan Subject-Verb Agreement adalah:

1. Subject with Prepositional Phrase.

Untuk Subjek yang berupa frase (noun phrase) yang diterangkan oleh prepositional phrase, yang menjadi subjek adalah kata benda utamanya, yang biasanya terletak sebelum preposisi;

Examples:

1. One of my friends lives in this remote village
2. Three of my friends live in this remote village.
3. The trees behind the house are very tall.
4. The tree behind the houses is very tall.
5. A group of students goes to Kaliurang every Sunday.
6. A group of university students goes camping every weekend.
7. An increase in the sales of new cars makes the traffic jam worse.

2. Subject with Expressions of Quantity

Aturan khusus terjadi bila Subject adalah "Expressions of Quantity" seperti kata: all, most, some, part, diikuti preposisi of. Dalam kasus ini Subject (all, most, some) bisa singular atau plural, tergantung pada apa yang mengikuti preposisi 'of'.

All (of the book) was interesting. -(singular)

All (of the books) were interesting. -(plural)

All (of the information) was interesting. -(uncountable)

Some of the animals were released from the zoo into the animal preserve. -(plural)

3. Subject of Certain words

Kata-kata berikut secara grammar selalu singular, sehingga memerlukan Verb singular.

anybody	everybody	nobody
anyone	everyone	no one
anything	everything	nothing

somebody	every(+noun)	either / either of ……
someone	each (+noun)	neither / neither of …….
something	each of……

Examples:

1. Everybody needs money.
2. Nobody comes here.
3. Each of the students is required to sign the forms.
4. Everybody is impressed with the view of Danau Toba.
5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.
6. There are two girls approaching Setiawan. Either of them wears blue jeans.

4.	Subjek yang menyatakan hitungan jarak, volume, berat, uang, prosentase, dan waktu selalu dianggap tungal, oleh karenanya predikatnya-pun tunggal.

Examples:

1. 250 kilometers is the distance for the race.
2. 4.5435 liters is equal to 1,201 gallons.
3. 60 kilograms was her weight when she was young.
4. Seventy five percent of Indonesian populations lives in Java.
5. $ 10 (ten dollars) has the same value as Rp. 100,000
6. 12 months has 365 days

5.	Subyek yang terbentuk dari gerund (verb-ing) atau 'to-infinitive' harus dianggap tunggal.

• Swimming makes us healthy.
• Producing fine paintings requires skill and creativity.
• To err is human.

6.	Subyek dengan kata ‘number’ bisa dianggap singular dan bisa juga plural.

• A number of .......... harus diikuti Verb bentuk jamak
• The number of ........... harus diikuti Verb bentuk tunggal

Example:

1. The number of illiterate people in our country decreases drastically.
2. A number of illiterate people in our country decrease drastically

7.	Untuk kata ‘either’ berpasangan dengan ‘or’ atau ‘neither’ berpasangan dengan ‘nor’, verb-nya tergantung pada kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’.

1. Neither Agus nor Rudy is going to class today.
2. Either Yuni or Nunik is going to the beach today.
3. Neither Rudy nor his friends are going to class today.
4. Either Rudy or his cassmates are going to beach today.
5. Rudy or Rita is going to class today.
6. Rudy or his friends are going to class today.

8.	Subject dari kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung ( uncountable noun ) harus dianggap singular.

Examples :

• Water flows to the lower part of the land.
• The news of Yunita’s marriage is surprising many boys.

9. Nama – nama cabang ilmu harus dianggap singular

Examples :

• Mathematics needs to be taught in Kindergarten.
• Economics is one of the subjects that I take this semester.

10.	Keterangan tambahan untuk Kata Benda pada Subject, seperti prepositional phrase, appositives, present participle phrase, past participle phrase, dan adjective clause tidak mempengaruhi singular/plural pada Verb-nya. Yang mempengaruhi Verb-nya adalah Kata Benda utamanya (NOUN HEAD).

Examples:

1. Yuliana, together with her friends, is watching the film.
2. Fitri, accompanied by her parents, is complaining her English score of the final test.
3. The woman (who lives together with her four daugthers) is very poor.
4. Sally, the best student in the class, lives in a dormitory.
5. The packages mailed at the post office yesterday are for my brother in Jakarta.
6. The man talking to his friend has three wives.
7. Tommy, the youngest son of former President Soeharto, was sent to Nusakambangan.

Catatan: Appositives adalah Noun atau Noun Phrase yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda lain: antara yang menerangkan dan yang diterangkan mengacu ke hal yang sama. Lihat contoh 1 dan 7

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Sentences

A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb.A sentence expresses a complete thought. There are four kinds of sentences in English: simple sentence, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. This classification is based on the number and the kind of clauses within a sentence.

1). Simple Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry.
2). Compound Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry and he gave it to his wife.
3). Complex Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry that his wife wanted.
4). Compound-Complex Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry and he gave it to his wife because he wanted to make her more beautiful.

Another classification of sentences is by types:

1.) Declarative Sentences (Statements) : Kalimat Pernyataan
	The girl studies at UMY.
2). Negative Sentences: Kalimat Negatif
	She does not study at UMY.
	She is not a student.
3). Interrogative Sentences (Questions) : Kalimat Tanya
	Does she study at UMY?
4).	Imperative Sentence (Commads, Requests): Kalimat Perintah
	Give me the book!	Help me, please?
5). Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamation): Kalimat Seru
	What a beutiful girl!	What beautiful eyes she has! (What + noun)
	How beautiful she is!	How beautifully she behaves (How+adjective/Adverb)

Clauses

A. Independent Clauses

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. Some clauses can stand alone as a sentence. This kind of clause is an independent clause. (independent clause adalah clause yang bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat). A simple sentence is one independent clause.

Example:

John was sick.

(A sentence with one independent clause)

A compound sentence is two independent clauses joined together by punctuation and a coordinating conjunction.

Examples:

John was sick; he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by punctuation)
John was sick, so he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction)
John was sick; therefore he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb)

B. Dependent Clauses

A dependent clause is a clause (a group of words with a subject and a verb) that does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone. (Dependent clause adalah clause yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri karena tidak menyatakan pikiran yang lengkap). There are different kinds of dependent clauses:

Adverbial Clause	The concert was canceled because the soloist became ill.
Adjective Clause	The student who gets the highest grades will receive an award.
Noun Clause	I don't know whether they still live there.

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PREPOSITION and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

PREPOSITION and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. A prepositional phrase usually tells where, when, how, or why.

Prepositional Phrase = Preposition + Noun (phrase)

Examples of Prepositional Phrase
from Mexico City in the morning
on December 25 of my sisters
to my best friend around the room
by bus because of the weather Read More......

TO INFINITIVE PHRASES

TO INFINITIVE PHRASES

To Infinitive phrase adalah bentuk 'to+verb' yang diikuti oleh object atau adverb dari verb tersebut.

Look at the TO INFINITIVE as SUBJECT of a sentence.

EXAMPLES

To err is human.

To attempt to climb that peak would be foolish.

To furnish a house is expensive.

To go to Sydney by car takes four hours.

To play the violin well is very difficult.

Such 'to infinitive subjects' appear more commonly after anticipatory 'It'.

It is nice to meet you.

It will make him very happy to ask for more money.

It is a good idea to win the game.

Look at TO INFINITIVE Phrase as OBJECT

Some verbs are usually followed by INFINITIVE as OBJECT. Here are the examples:

I want to eat

I can't afford to stay in a hotel.

He forgot to bring a dictionary.

Look at TO INFINITIVE Phrase as COMPLEMENT

The only thing we can do is to call the police.

Too see her is to love her.

A good way to prepare liver is to broil it.

Look at TO INFINITIVE as ADVERB

I come here to meet your father.

He moved his chair to be closer to her.

We eat to live.

They hired their neighbor to take care of their lawn.

Look at TO INFINITIVE as Appositive Nouns

He asked for only one thing - to be left in peace.

I am aware that a heavy responsibility rests on you, to help support your aging parents.

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Practice of To Infinitive Phrase

PRACTICE: TO INFINITIVE PHRASES

Complete these sentences with TO INFINITIVE PHRASE 1. To ride a bicycle is .......... ......... ......... ......... 2. To drive a car is .......... ......... ......... ......... ..... 3. To understand calculus requires .......... ...... ......... .... 4. To speed is .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ... 5. To get into debt would be ......... ......... ......... ......... . 6. To swim out too far would be ...... ......... ......... ......... . 7. To love a materialistic girl is ... ......... ......... ......... .. 8. ......... ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... .. is important. 9. ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... ..would be fun. 10. ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... .would be ridiculous. 11 It is difficult ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .. 12 It is ridiculous ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... ..

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PAST PARTICPLE PHRASES

PAST PARTICPLE PHRASES

Past Participle adalah bentuk V-3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjective atau adverb. Past Participle Phrase adalah bentuk V-3 yang diikuti oleh object atau adverb dari V-3 tesebut. Fungsinya sama seperti adjective atau adverb. Past participle phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adjective asalnya dari adjective clause (passive). Past participle phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adverb asalnya dari adverb clause (passive). Examples: Impressed by the teacher's advice, Helen concentrated more on her Physics. past participle phrase as an adverb. The meal prepared by my young brother was first-rate. past participle as an adjective PAST PATICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADVERB You can join ideas by means of PARTICIPLE PHRASES : Look at these two ideas: He was broken-hearted. He left town. You can join them in these two ways: Because he was broken-hearted, he left the town. (Aderb Clause). Broken-hearted, he left the town. (Past Participle Phrase). Here are more examples: Overcome with sadness, Paul refused to go out with the others. Persuaded by her daughter's pleas, Mrs Williams bought the stereo. Puzzled by her rudeness, Edward stared at her. PAST PATICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADJECTIVE Look at these sentences: The letter was written last week. It has not yet arrived. These two ideas can be joined in different ways: WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSE The letter that was written last week has not yet arrived. PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASE The letter written last week has not yet arrived. EXAMPLES Study these: I have copied the materials taken from many different books. I have just bought a car made in Germany. Books printed in Hongkong are cheaper. Clothes made in Italy are very elegant. The money left by the old miser went to a cats' home. The meal prepared by my young brother was delicious.

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PAST PARTICPLE PHRASES

PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASES

Past Participle adalah bentuk V-3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjective atau adverb. Past Participle Phrase adalah bentuk V-3 yang diikuti oleh object atau adverb dari V-3 tesebut. Fungsinya sama seperti adjective atau adverb. Past participle phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adjective asalnya dari adjective clause (passive). Past participle phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adverb asalnya dari adverb clause (passive). Examples: Impressed by the teacher's advice, Helen concentrated more on her Physics. past participle phrase as an adverb. The meal prepared by my young brother was first-rate. past participle as an adjective PAST PATICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADVERB You can join ideas by means of PARTICIPLE PHRASES : Look at these two ideas: He was broken-hearted. He left town. You can join them in these two ways: Because he was broken-hearted, he left the town. (Aderb Clause). Broken-hearted, he left the town. (Past Participle Phrase). Here are more examples: Overcome with sadness, Paul refused to go out with the others. Persuaded by her daughter's pleas, Mrs Williams bought the stereo. Puzzled by her rudeness, Edward stared at her. PAST PATICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADJECTIVE Look at these sentences: The letter was written last week. It has not yet arrived. These two ideas can be joined in different ways: WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSE The letter that was written last week has not yet arrived. PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASE The letter written last week has not yet arrived. EXAMPLES Study these: I have copied the materials taken from many different books. I have just bought a car made in Germany. Books printed in Hongkong are cheaper. Clothes made in Italy are very elegant. The money left by the old miser went to a cats' home. The meal prepared by my young brother was delicious.

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