Compound Sentence

Compound Sentence
1. The bride's guests sit on the left, ..... the groom's guests sit on the right. A. but B. or C. and D. so 2. The bride's father pays for the wedding, ........ he doesn't pay for the rehearsal dinner. A. and B. but C. or D. so 3. The party lasted until midnight, ....... everyone was tired. A. so B. and C. but D. or 4. The bride may have one bridesmaid, ....... she may have several. A. and B. but C. so D. or 5. The wind is blowing, ......... it is not cold A. yet B. for C. nor D. so 6. Some people are starting to leave, ........ the storm is predicted to reach the city. A. nor B. yet C. for D. so 7. The sun isn't shining, ......... is the wind blowing now. A. or B. nor C. for D. and 8. We rarely stay in the hotel, for ................................... A. we are rich. B. the hotel fare is cheap. C. we are on vacation. D. we cannot afford it. 9. ........................ but I don't bring my ATM card. A. I need to withdraw money soon B. I want to save my money in the bank C. I don't need much money. D. I found a wallet 10. The electricity is off, so ........................ A. I can finish my paper. B. I don't need to submit my paper. C. I cannot finish my paper. D. I will study all the night.

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Sentence with 'to be'

Salah satu kesalahan yang sering muncul dalam writing mahasiswa adalah penggunaan 'to be' pada kalimat yang seharusnya tidak menggunkan to be. Karena tidak semua kalimat memerlukan kehadiran 'to be'. Berikut ini pola kalimat yang menggunakan to be sebagai Verb, atau sebagai bagian dari Verb:

1. Dalam Nominal Sentence

Dalam Nominal Sentence diperlukan 'to be' sebagai linking verb sebagai Verb-nya: Sehingga pola kalimatnya menjadi:

Subject + to be + Complement

Keterangan TO BE: is, am, are. was, were
Jenis kata berikut bisa sebagai Complement:
1. Noun
2. Adjective,
3. Adverb of place or
4. prepositional phrase

Examples:
1. He is a lecturer. (Noun)
2. We are happy. (Adjective)
3. She is here. (Adverb of place)
4. We are in the classroom (prep. Phrase)
5. You are in danger. (Prep. Phrase)

2. dalam 'Progressive Tense'. (Sedang)

Subject + to be + V-ing

Examples:
Mereka sedang menonton sepak bola
They are watching football.

Dia sedang membaca koran.
He is reading newspaper.

3. dalam 'Passive Voice' (kalimat pasif)

Subject + to be + V-3

Examples:
Perampok itu terbunuh.
The robber was killed
Buku ini ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris
The book was witten in English.
Lantai ini dibersihkan setiap pagi.
The floor is cleaned every morning.

Sebagian besar verb-3 dibentuk dengan penambahan akhiran -ed, sama seperti pembentukan Verb-2, tetapi untuk beberapa verbs yang termasuk irregular verbs tidak ada aturan tetap, sehingga harus dihafalkan. More about Passive Voice Read More......

Practice : Sentence Pattern

Translate the following sentences into good English and write the pattern of each sentence.

1. Teman-temanmu di perpustakaan sejam yang lalu.
2. Saya membelikan hadiah ulang tahun ini untuk pacarku.
3. Singa-singa itu sedang tidur.
4. Kemarin dia membawakan ibuku sayur mayur.
5. Mereka pergi ke pantai Parangteritis hari minggu lalu.
6. Kita sangat berbahagia pada hari lebaran.
7. Dosen itu meminjamkan saya buku referensi.
8. Kamus ini mahal.
9. Setiap orang membutuhkan uang.
10. Saya sangat bahagia hari ini. Read More......

Subject-Verb Agreement

Dalam "Present Tense" antara Subject dan Verb harus bersesuaian. Artinya:

• Apabila subject dalam bentuk singular (tunggal), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk singular (tunggal).
• Apabila subject dalam bentuk plural (jamak), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk plural (jamak).

Subject (plural) + Verb (plural)

Subject ( Singular) + Verb (singular)

Examples

The boy walks to school.

The boys walk to school

My friends are nice.

One of my friends is nice.

Catatan:

'Plural Noun' biasanya berakhiran -s/es, singular Noun TANPA -s/es, sebaliknya 'plural Verb' TANPA akhiran -s/es dan 'singular Verb' berakhiran -s/es.

Untuk “to be”, Pada present tense is dipergunakan dengan subject tunggal dan are dengan subject jamak. Pada past tense was dengan subject tunggall dan were untuk subject jamak.

Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan kaitannya dengan Subject-Verb Agreement adalah:

1. Subject with Prepositional Phrase.

Untuk Subjek yang berupa frase (noun phrase) yang diterangkan oleh prepositional phrase, yang menjadi subjek adalah kata benda utamanya, yang biasanya terletak sebelum preposisi;

Examples:

1. One of my friends lives in this remote village
2. Three of my friends live in this remote village.
3. The trees behind the house are very tall.
4. The tree behind the houses is very tall.
5. A group of students goes to Kaliurang every Sunday.
6. A group of university students goes camping every weekend.
7. An increase in the sales of new cars makes the traffic jam worse.

2. Subject with Expressions of Quantity

Aturan khusus terjadi bila Subject adalah "Expressions of Quantity" seperti kata: all, most, some, part, diikuti preposisi of. Dalam kasus ini Subject (all, most, some) bisa singular atau plural, tergantung pada apa yang mengikuti preposisi 'of'.

All (of the book) was interesting. -(singular)

All (of the books) were interesting. -(plural)

All (of the information) was interesting. -(uncountable)

Some of the animals were released from the zoo into the animal preserve. -(plural)

3. Subject of Certain words

Kata-kata berikut secara grammar selalu singular, sehingga memerlukan Verb singular.

anybody	everybody	nobody
anyone	everyone	no one
anything	everything	nothing

somebody	every(+noun)	either / either of ……
someone	each (+noun)	neither / neither of …….
something	each of……

Examples:

1. Everybody needs money.
2. Nobody comes here.
3. Each of the students is required to sign the forms.
4. Everybody is impressed with the view of Danau Toba.
5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.
6. There are two girls approaching Setiawan. Either of them wears blue jeans.

4.	Subjek yang menyatakan hitungan jarak, volume, berat, uang, prosentase, dan waktu selalu dianggap tungal, oleh karenanya predikatnya-pun tunggal.

Examples:

1. 250 kilometers is the distance for the race.
2. 4.5435 liters is equal to 1,201 gallons.
3. 60 kilograms was her weight when she was young.
4. Seventy five percent of Indonesian populations lives in Java.
5. $ 10 (ten dollars) has the same value as Rp. 100,000
6. 12 months has 365 days

5.	Subyek yang terbentuk dari gerund (verb-ing) atau 'to-infinitive' harus dianggap tunggal.

• Swimming makes us healthy.
• Producing fine paintings requires skill and creativity.
• To err is human.

6.	Subyek dengan kata ‘number’ bisa dianggap singular dan bisa juga plural.

• A number of .......... harus diikuti Verb bentuk jamak
• The number of ........... harus diikuti Verb bentuk tunggal

Example:

1. The number of illiterate people in our country decreases drastically.
2. A number of illiterate people in our country decrease drastically

7.	Untuk kata ‘either’ berpasangan dengan ‘or’ atau ‘neither’ berpasangan dengan ‘nor’, verb-nya tergantung pada kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’.

1. Neither Agus nor Rudy is going to class today.
2. Either Yuni or Nunik is going to the beach today.
3. Neither Rudy nor his friends are going to class today.
4. Either Rudy or his cassmates are going to beach today.
5. Rudy or Rita is going to class today.
6. Rudy or his friends are going to class today.

8.	Subject dari kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung ( uncountable noun ) harus dianggap singular.

Examples :

• Water flows to the lower part of the land.
• The news of Yunita’s marriage is surprising many boys.

9. Nama – nama cabang ilmu harus dianggap singular

Examples :

• Mathematics needs to be taught in Kindergarten.
• Economics is one of the subjects that I take this semester.

10.	Keterangan tambahan untuk Kata Benda pada Subject, seperti prepositional phrase, appositives, present participle phrase, past participle phrase, dan adjective clause tidak mempengaruhi singular/plural pada Verb-nya. Yang mempengaruhi Verb-nya adalah Kata Benda utamanya (NOUN HEAD).

Examples:

1. Yuliana, together with her friends, is watching the film.
2. Fitri, accompanied by her parents, is complaining her English score of the final test.
3. The woman (who lives together with her four daugthers) is very poor.
4. Sally, the best student in the class, lives in a dormitory.
5. The packages mailed at the post office yesterday are for my brother in Jakarta.
6. The man talking to his friend has three wives.
7. Tommy, the youngest son of former President Soeharto, was sent to Nusakambangan.

Catatan: Appositives adalah Noun atau Noun Phrase yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda lain: antara yang menerangkan dan yang diterangkan mengacu ke hal yang sama. Lihat contoh 1 dan 7

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Sentences

A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb.A sentence expresses a complete thought. There are four kinds of sentences in English: simple sentence, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. This classification is based on the number and the kind of clauses within a sentence.

1). Simple Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry.
2). Compound Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry and he gave it to his wife.
3). Complex Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry that his wife wanted.
4). Compound-Complex Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry and he gave it to his wife because he wanted to make her more beautiful.

Another classification of sentences is by types:

1.) Declarative Sentences (Statements) : Kalimat Pernyataan
	The girl studies at UMY.
2). Negative Sentences: Kalimat Negatif
	She does not study at UMY.
	She is not a student.
3). Interrogative Sentences (Questions) : Kalimat Tanya
	Does she study at UMY?
4).	Imperative Sentence (Commads, Requests): Kalimat Perintah
	Give me the book!	Help me, please?
5). Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamation): Kalimat Seru
	What a beutiful girl!	What beautiful eyes she has! (What + noun)
	How beautiful she is!	How beautifully she behaves (How+adjective/Adverb)

Clauses

A. Independent Clauses

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. Some clauses can stand alone as a sentence. This kind of clause is an independent clause. (independent clause adalah clause yang bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat). A simple sentence is one independent clause.

Example:

John was sick.

(A sentence with one independent clause)

A compound sentence is two independent clauses joined together by punctuation and a coordinating conjunction.

Examples:

John was sick; he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by punctuation)
John was sick, so he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction)
John was sick; therefore he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb)

B. Dependent Clauses

A dependent clause is a clause (a group of words with a subject and a verb) that does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone. (Dependent clause adalah clause yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri karena tidak menyatakan pikiran yang lengkap). There are different kinds of dependent clauses:

Adverbial Clause	The concert was canceled because the soloist became ill.
Adjective Clause	The student who gets the highest grades will receive an award.
Noun Clause	I don't know whether they still live there.

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