Transitive or Intransitive Verbs

Transitive Verbs adalah kata kerja yang membutuhkan Object. Subject Verb Object Everybody needs money I love you A cow eats grass Intransitive Verbs adalah kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan Object. Subject Verbs Adverb He walks to campus The baby cries every night Untuk meyakinkan apakah Verb yang akan dipakai itu transitive atau intransitive, sebaiknya anda membuka kamus standar.

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V E R B S

Verb (kata kerja) adalah kata inti dalam predikat yang merupakan tindakan dari subject.

Subject	Predicate
She	wrote a letter
He	needs more money.
We	read newspaper every morning

Verbs merupakan jenis kata yang paling komplek. Verb memiliki property grammatical seperti:

TENSE	-tambahan akhiran tertentu atau kata bantu tertentu menandakan 'waktu' kejadian
VOICE	pola aturan untuk membuat kalimat aktif, atau pasif.
MOOD	Bentuk tertentu menunjukkan (a) command and request (b) wishes (c) conditional
ASPECT	Bentuk verbs tertentu dgn adverb bisa menunjukkan apakah peristiwa itu terjadi pada titik waktu tertentu atau dengan durasi.

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EXERCISE on Passive Voice

Practice 2: Passive Voice

Supply the correct PASSIVE VOICE forms of the verbs in parentheses to complete the following sentences (Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini dengan bentuk PASIF yang sesuai dari kata kerja yang dikurung): The young patient (visit) by his relatives and friends every day. He (take) to the hospital about two weeks ago. The poor young man (injure) badly then. His motor cycle (hit) by a car when he was going home from school. The young man (throw) off his motor-cycle then. The accident (see) by quite a few people. The boy (help) immediately by some of the people. An ambulance (send for) without delay. He (put) into the ambulance as soon as it arrived. The ambulance (drive) quickly but carefully to the hospital. The examination will (hold) next week. The students are going (give) several tests by their teachers. The students' mastery of each subject (measure) by the tests. Each test (compose) of a certain number of items. The tests have (prepare) carefully by the teachers. The students' attention (concentrate) on the examination now. Careful preparations (make) by all of the students at the moment. Their time (spend) on nothing else but their study. Good results (expect) by everybody. Examinations always (consider) very important by students.

Practice 3: Passive Voice

Express the following ACTIVE VOICE sentences in their corresponding PASSIVE VOICE forms (Ungkapkanlah kalimat-kalimat AKTIF di bawah ini dalam bentuk PASIF yang sesuai): The teacher teaches us English. We speak English during the English classes. We use Indonesian in other classes. We need English for international communication. People write many scientific books in English. We will improve our knowledge through reading. One will obtain a lot of useful information from books. I have learned English for a long time. Some people here have mastered this foreign language fairly well. But I have made very slow progress in learning it. People learn this program for fun. We met with no difficulty in learning our national language. We could master the language within a short time. We can express our ideas very easily in Indonesian. Most of us construct Indonesian sentences with no difficulty. We make few mistakes in using Indonesian. But I often make mistakes in using English. I often forget the rules of English. The rules of English often confuse me. We are practising the passive voice rules at the moment.

Practice 4: Passive Voice

Express the following ideas in GOOD ENGLISH using the PASSIVE VOICE form (Ungkapkaniah pokok-pokok pikiran berikut dalam BAHASA INGGRIS yang BAIK dengan menggunakan bentuk PASIF): Sumpah itu dibuat oleh para pemuda-pemudi Indonesia di tahun 1928. Kita akan selalu dipersatukan oleh satu tanah air, yakni Indonesia. Kita akan selalu dipersatukan sebagai satu bangsa, yakni bangsa Indonesia. Kita juga akan selalu dipersatukan oleh satu bahasa nasional, yakni bahasa Indonesia. Kita masih dijajah oleh orang-orang Belanda kala itu. Banyak di antara para pemimpin muda tersebut dipenjarakan. Kepulauan kita masih disebut Hindia Belanda waktu itu. Orang-orang Belanda tersebut kemudian diserang oleh bangsa Jepang. Mereka dikalahkan oleh para penyerbu tersebut. Para penguasa Belanda tersebut diusir dari kepulauan ini. Wilayah ini diduduki oleh bala-tentara Jepang. Kita diperintah oleh bangsa Jepang selama tiga setengah tahun. Perang Dunia Kedua dimenangkan oleh tentara sekutu di tahun 1945. Bala-tentara Jepang dikalahkan. Kita terbebas dari kekuasaan asing saat itu. Kesempatan emas tersebut dimanfaatkan oleh para pemimpin kita. Kemerdekaan Indonesia diproklamasikan pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Cita-cita para pemuda tahun 1928 terwujud saat itu. Kebahagiaan sebagai bangsa yang merdeka dan berdaulat telah dinikmati sejak saat itu. Kebahagiaan tersebut telah diperoleh lewat banyak pengorbanan dan penderitaan para pahlawan-bangsa kita.

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Passive Voice

Kalimat pasif adalah suatu kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai tindakan/ perbuatan, ini berbeda dengan kalimat aktif dimana subject-lah yang melakukan perbuatan/ tindakan. Ciri utamanya adalah pada Verb, yang dibentuk oleh ‘to be’ dan kerja bentuk ketiga (verb-3) atau past participle. To be + Verb-3 Examples: Subject Verb Rudy repaired my bicycle yesterday. My bicycle was repaired by Rudy yesterday. Beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif, antara lain: Subject pada kalimat pasif berasal dari object pada kalimat aktif. Tense pada kalimat pasif mengikuti tense pada kalimat aktifnya. Hanya kalimat dengan transitive Verb yang bisa diubah kedalam bentuk pasif. Perhatikan perubahan dari kalimat aktif menjadi pasif pada masing-masing tenses : 1. Simple Present Active: My mother cooks the meal everyday. Passive: The meal is cooked by mother everyday. 2. Simple Past Active: My mother cooked the meal yesterday. Passive: The meal was cooked by mother yesterday. 3. Present Continuous Active: My mother is cooking the meal at the moment Passive: The meal is being cooked by mother at the moment 4. Past continuous Active: My mother was cooking the meal when I arrived. Passive: The meal was being cooked by mother when I arrived. 5. Present perfect Active: My mother has cooked the meal. Passive The meal has been cooked by mother. 6. Past perfect Active: My mother had cooked the meal before the children came home from school. Passive: The meal had been cooked by mother before the children came home from school. 7. Present perfect continuous Active: My mother has been cooking the meal since I arrived. Passive: The meal has been being cooked by mother since I arrived. 8. Past perfect continuous Active: My mother had been cooking the meal for an hour when father came home from work. Passive: The meal had been being cooked by mother for an hour when father came home from work. 9. Simple Future Active: My mother will cook the meal this afternoon. Passive: The meal will be cooked by mother this afternoon. 10. Future perfect Active: My mother will have cooked the meal when the children come home from school this afternoon. Passive: The meal will have been cooked by mother when the children come home from school this afternoon. 11. Future Continuous Active: My mother will be cooking the meal at 4 this afternoon. Passive The meal will be being cooked by mother at 4 this afternoon. 12. Future perfect continuous Active: My mother will have been cooking the meal for an hour when father comes home from work this afternoon. Passive: The meal will have been being cooked by mother for an hour when father comes home from work this afternoon. Rumus pola aktif – pasif untuk semua tenses : Present Active Passive Simple S+V1(V+s/es)+O S+ is/am/are + V3 Rita writes a letter A letter is written by Rita Continuous S + is/am/are + V- ing S + is/am/are + being + V3 Rita is writing a letter A letter is being written by Rita Perfect S + Have/has + V3 S + have/has + been + V3 Rita has written a letter A letter has been written by Rita Perfect Continuous S+have/has+been +V-ing S + have /has + been + being+V 3 Rita has been writing a letter A letter been being written by Rita Past Active passive Simple S + V2+ O S + was/were + V3 Rita wrote a letter A letter was written by Rita Continuous S + was/were + V- ing S + was/were + being + V3 Rita was writing a letter A letter was being written by Rita Perfect S + had + V3 S + had + been + V3 Rita had written a letter A letter had been written by Rita Perfect Continuous S + had + been + V-ing S + had + been + being +V 3 Rita had been writing a letter. A letter had been being written by Rita. Future Active passive Simple S + will +V1+ O S + will + be + V3 Rita will write a letter A letter will be written by Rita Continuous S + will + be + V- ing S + will + be+ being + V3 Rita will be writing a letter A letter will be being written by Rita Perfect S + will + have + V3 S + will + have + been + V3 Rita will have written a letter A letter will have been written by Rita Perfect Continuous S + will + have + been + V-ing S + will + have + been + being +V 3 Rita will have been writing a letter A letter will have been being written by Rita Past Future Active passive Past future S + would + V1+ O S + would + be + V3 Rita would write a letter A letter would be written by Rita Past future Continuous S + would + be + V- ing S + would + be+ being + V3 Rita would be writing a letter A letter would be being written by Rita Past future Perfect S + would + have + V3 S + would + have + been + V3 Rita would have written a letter A letter would have been written by Rita Past future Perfect Continuous S+would+have+been+V-ing S+ would+have+been+being+V3 Rita would have been writing a letter A letter would have been being written by Rita

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TENSES

	TENSES
TENSES: Special verb endings or accompanying auxiliary verbs signal the time an event takes palce. Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk verbs yang disebabkan oleh waktu kejadian. Secara garis besar waktu kejadian dapat dibedakan menjadi PRESENT dan PAST. Examples: Susi goes to campus by bus. Simple PRESENT I went to Jakarta last week. Simple PAST He is reading newspaper. PRESENT progressive tense He was reading newpaper. PAST progressive tense
1. Simple Present Tense
Simple present Tense berfungsi untuk menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu peristiwa/ kejadian yang bersifat kebiasaan, yang berulang-ulang, yang permanent / terus-menerus (habits, routines, repeated actions, permanent actions, general truth). EXAMPLES: My sister lives in Jakarta. (permanent) My boyfriend comes here every Sunday. (repeated actions) The earth goes around the sun. (general truth) Pola kalimat: Subject Verb They, we, you, I Verb-1 He, She, It Verb+es Keterangan waktu yang sering dipakai: every, once a day, twice a week, three times a month; always, often, usually, sometimes
2. Simple Past Tense
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/ kejadian yang dilakukan/ terjadi di waktu lampau. Subject + Verb-2 Setiawan went to Spain last year. Maria did her work last night. She was sick yesterday Keterangan waktu: last ……, …..ago, yesterday, this morning, just now, in 1994, etc
3. Present Continuous Tense
Present Progressive Tense atau Present Continuous Tense bisa digunakan untuk: Menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang ini. Rita is watching television. Listen! She is singing a good song. Menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi segera. Subject + to be (is/ am/ are) + Veb-ing Setiawan is leaving for Singapore tomorrow. I am coming to your house soon. Keterangan waktu : Now, right now, at present, at this moment, for the time being; Listen! Shhh! Look!, etc
4. Past Continuous Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung di waktu lampau pada saat kejadian/ kegiatan lain terjadi. S + was / were + V-ing When + (simple past ), past continuous Past continuous + when + past tense The engine was running when it suddenly stopped. When Rina came home, Susi was watching television. Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan yang berlangsung bersamaan di waktu lampau. (past continuous) + while + (past continuous) While + (past continuous), + (past continuous) Rina was watching television while Susi was reading a book. While Susi was reading a book, Rina was watching television.
5. Simple Future Tense
Digunakan untuk menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang. S + will/ shall + V1 S + is/ am/ are + going to + V1 Catatan : ‘shall’ = umumnya dipakai untuk subyek ‘I’ dan ‘We’ ‘will’ = bisa digunakan untuk semua subyek. Shall/ will = ‘akan’ yang tidak terencana, akan terjadi bilamana suatu kondisi tertentu terpenuhi. To be + going to = ‘akan’ yang sudah terencana atau sudah pasti. I shall meet you tomorrow. I will go and shut it. He will come if I ask him. Look at those black cloud! It is going to rain. Oh, I feel terrible. I think I am going to be sick.
6. Future Continuous Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yanga akan sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang. S + will/ shall + be + V-ing Football begins at 5.30 and ends at 9.15. Tom will be watching the match at 8.30. This time next week I will be sailing to Netherland. Keterangan waktu: this time next ……, at 7 o’clock, tomorrow
7. Present Perfect Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah selesai dilaksanakan. Atau Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan sekarang sudah selesai. S + have/ has + Verb-3 We have already written our reports. Rita has already read the entire book. Keterangn waktu pada pola ini: for, since, already, yet, lately, recently
8. Past Perfect Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/ tindakan yang telah dilakukan di waktu lampau ketika peristiwa lain juga terjadi . Atau pola ini untuk menjelaskan dua kejadian dimana kejadian pertama mendahului kejadian kedua. S + had + V3 (Past perfect Tense) + before + (Simple Past Tense) Rina had gone to the store before she went home. Before + (Simple Past Tense ), + ( Past perfect Tense ) Before Rina went to campus, she had had her breakfast. After + (Past perfect Tense ) + ( Simple Past Tense ) After Rina had had her breakfast, she went to campus. (Simple Past Tense) + After + (Past perfect Tense ) Rina went to campus after she had had her breakfast.
8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulainya pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. S + have/ has + been+ V-ing Gunawan has been working in Bandung for three years. Over the past few years medical doctors have been searching for a drug to control the AIDS virus. One of my friends has been working in this company since he graduated. All these years, Rita’s family has been living in poverty.
9. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah dilakukan pada waktu lampau dan kegiatan itu terus berlangsung ketika peristiwa/ kegiatan lain juga terjadi. Atau pola kalimat ini untuk menjelaskan dua kejadian dimana kejadian pertama lebih dulu terjadi dan masih berlangsung hingga muncul kejadian kedua. S + had been + V-ing Kate had been living in New York for ten years before she moved to Boston. Setiawan had been working in the electronic company for five years before he got a new job here. I had been waiting for a bus for twenty minutes when I met Mr. Rudy.
10. Future Perfect Tense
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan/ aktivitas yang terjadi dan selesai pada saat kegiatan lain berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang. S + will/ shall + be + V3 By the time we come home, the boys will have finished their homework. I can lend you the book next week because by the time I will have finished reading it. By the end of this week, I will have been back from Malaysia.
11. Future Perfect Continuous
Pada dasarnya sama dengan future perfect, hanya saja tense ini lebih menekankan pada saat terjadinya peristiwa. Tense ini umumnya mengisyaratkan suatu peristiwa berdurasi di waktu mendatang. S + will/ shall + have + been + V-ing Yuni will have been studying all next week.” I will have been living here for ten years by the end of this year.
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MODAL VERBS

	Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are words that add special meaning, like possibility, necessity, permission, and so on, to the main verbs that follow them. Modals include can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought to, must, have to, may, and might. Modals have two forms: present and past, but the form of the modal does not necessarily express time in the sentence. Modals are always used with the simple form of the verb. Gerry might go to the hospital. (present or future) Andrew should take his medicine now. (present) You can/could see the doctor tomorrow. (future) To make a sentence negative, add not to the modal. Most modals + not can be contracted. Modal Negative Form Contraction can cannot can't could could not couldn't shall shall not - should should not shouldn't must must not mustn't may may not -------- might might not -------- will will not won't would would not wouldn't For example: I am sick. I shouldn't go out tonight. The doctor ordered me to stay home. I mustn't go out. In questions, the modal form is written as follows: modal + subject + verb1 Will you drive to the beach? Should I take Highway 17? In giving short answers to yes/no questions, the modal form is written as follows: yes or no + subject + modal. Will Gerry go with you? Yes, he will. No, he won't. Now that you have learned the important forms of the modals, let us study their meanings and usage.
CAN
Can expresses ability and possibility. He can swim well. (ability) I can't solve the math problem. (inability) We can meet at the cafe at two. (possibility)
COULD
Could expresses ability and possibility. We could leave now. (possibility) I couldn't go to school yesterday. (inability) I could speak Japanese when I was a child. (ability)
MAY / MIGHT
May and might express possibility. They have the same meaning. She may go to Greece. She might be sick.
SHOULD / OUGHT TO
Should and ought to express the idea that the action in the main verb is good advice or a good idea. You should stop smoking. You ought to stop smoking.
MUST / HAVE TO
Must and have to express the idea of certainty or necessity (no choice). Students must come to class on time. I have to work tonight. Had to expresses necessity in the past. It is the past, time form of both must and have to. I had to work yesterday. Back

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VERBS

V E R B S Verb (kata kerja) adalah kata inti dalam predikat yang merupakan tindakan dari subject.

Subject Predicate She wrote a letter He needs more money. We read newspaper every morning Verbs merupakan jenis kata yang paling komplek. Verb memiliki property grammatical seperti: TENSE -tambahan akhiran tertentu atau kata bantu tertentu menandakan 'waktu' kejadian VOICE pola aturan untuk membuat kalimat aktif, atau pasif. MOOD Bentuk tertentu menunjukkan (a) command and request (b) wishes (c) conditional ASPECT Bentuk verbs tertentu dgn adverb bisa menunjukkan apakah peristiwa itu terjadi pada titik waktu tertentu atau dengan durasi. For the detail information check the following topics: Transitive or Intransitive Verbs Transitive Verbs adalah kata kerja yang membutuhkan Object. Subject Verb Object Everybody needs money I love you A cow eats grass Intransitive Verbs adalah kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan Object. Subject Verbs Adverb He walks to campus The baby cries every night Untuk meyakinkan apakah Verb yang akan dipakai itu transitive atau intransitive, sebaiknya anda membuka kamus standar. Linking Verbs A linking Verb adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai pengubung antara Subject dengan Predicate-nya. Contoh dalam kalimat: "Cewek itu cantik." atau "The girl beautiful". Pada kalimat itu belum ada verb-nya, sehingga diperlukan 'Linking Verb. The girl is beautiful. (atau) The girl looks beautiful. Linking verbs dibedakan menjadi: To be is, am, are, was, were non- to be become, appear, look, taste, smell, seem, remain, prove, Apa perbedaan penggunaan dari keduanya? Linking Verb (to be) dipakai untuk menghubungkan antara Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'NOUN' or GERUND, 'ADJECTIVE', 'ADVERB' or 'Prepositional Phrase'. He is my friend (Noun) My hobby is reading. (Gerund) They are happy. (Adjective) She is here. (Adverb) We are in the classroom. (Adverb/ prep. phrase Linking Verb (non-to be) hanya dipakai untuk menghubungkan Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'ADJECTIVE'. She looks beautiful. It smells good. They seem lazy. Practice: Linking Verbs A. Express the following ideas in GOOD ENGLISH Suaminya insinyur. Anak-anak kami rajin-rajin. Ayah sedang di kebun. Ayah dan Ibu sehat-sehat saja. Buku-buku ini kepunyaan mereka. Putera-puteranya nakal sekali. Para mahasiswa sedang di perpustakaan. Saya sangat berterima kasih. Hari ini hari Kamis. Waktu itu jam tiga lebih seperempat. Saya kemarin sakit. Mereka di Fakultas Kedokteran. Salah seorang puterinya sekarang di Jerman. Makanan ini terlalu manis. Buku-buku tersebut sangat murah. Kalian mahasiswa yang pandai. Segala sesuatunya telah beres. Rumahnya di Jalan Merapi. Mobil mereka sedang rusak. Laboratorium tersebut masih baru. B. Express the following ideas in GOOD ENGLISH Penerima tamu itu nampaknya ramah sekali. Anda sekalian akan menjadi sekretaris yang efisien. Para pramugari tersebut selalu nampak rapi. Dokter itu tiba-tiba menjadi amat serius. Para petani itu tetap miskin tetapi nampaknya mereka bahagia. Ahli hukum itu rupanya tidak sabar. Perawat tersebut menjadi pucat sekali. Perwira polisi ini nampaknya masih sangat muda. Paman saya akan menjadi insinyur tahun depan. Ayah mertua Ali menjadi pengusaha yang berhasil. Ahli ekonomi tersebut akan menjadi abang ipar saya. Saudara sepupunya akan tetap di luar negeri tahun depan. Kemenakanmu (perempuan) akan tetap menjadi asisten saya. Suaminya terus terjaga semalaman tadi malam. Kakak (perempuan) saya menjadi dosen.

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