TOEFL

Practice: NOUN PHRASE

2009-10-06T22:55:00.000-07:00

A. Analyze and indetify the components that modify NOUN HEAD, then translate into Indonesian!

Example:
Some beautiful ladies beberapa gadis cantik. = (article+adjective+Noun Head) or (1+2+Noun)

Tourists from Japan Turis-turis dari Jepang. = (Noun+prep phrase) or (Noun + 6)

1. Many challenging problems
2. A letter from my father
3. The expected result
4. Things made in Japan
5. A written test
6. Freedom to speak
7. A chemical process
8. A fried chicken
9. The world food resources
10. The other living creatures on the earth

Practice: NOUN PHRASE

11. Wild plants growing in the forest
12. Soft skin powder
13. The scientific solutions to the problems.
14. Some problems discussed before
15. A woman to take care of the baby
16. People working in the factory
17. The smell of the drinks
18. Nothing to eat
19. The will to develop
20. A psychological approach to the problem
21. Fertile land forming the main food supplier
22. His new ideas stated in the conference
23. The chapters to be taught
24. The government's attempts to improve the socio-economic condition of the people
25. More serious attention to the prevention of this irresponsible practice
26. Some crucial and complicated world problems existing in the 20th century.
27. The books which we bought last night
28. Some differences that we know
29. Experts who can assist us in the development of modern technology.
30. The lady whom we met last night
31. The man whose wife is working here
32. The process how cells multiply themselves
33. The place where I was born
34. The reason why the government always changes its policy

Noun Phrase

2009-10-06T22:43:00.000-07:00

Noun Phrase adalah kelompok kata yang unsur utamanya Noun (kata benda) dengan kata lainnya sebagai penjelasnya. Kata benda utama (yang dijelaskan) disebut Noun Head, sedangkan penjelasnya dinakamakan Modifiers. Modifiers yang berada sebelum Noun Head dinamakan Pre-Modifiers, sedang yang dibelakang Noun Head disebut Post-Modifiers.
Pre-Modifiers + NOUN HEAD + Post Modifiers

Noun merupakan jenis kata yang frekuensi pemakaiannya terbanyak. Setiap kalimat bisa dipastikan memiliki satu Noun atau lebih. Dalam suatu kalimat Noun bisa hadir sendiri atau dalam frase/ kelompok, sebagai subject atau object atau yang lainnya.
Girls need attention. (Noun sebagai subject)
Many beautiful girls in this class need attention. (Noun-Phrase sebagai subject)

Dalam bahasa Indonesia yang menjelaskan kata benda selalu berada dibelakang kata benda dan umumnya didahuli dengan kata yang. Sebagai contoh 'anak nakal' sama dengan 'anak yang nakal'. Sedang dalam bahasa Inggris yang menerangkan kata benda bisa berada didepannya dibelakangnya atau pada kedua posisi, depan dan belakang.

Berikut daftar jenis kata yang bisa menerangkan Noun serta nomor urut-nya.
No.
Pre-modifiers EXAMPLES
1 Determiners a, an, the, one, two, three, a few, some, several, all, this, that, my, your. etc.
2 Adjective (Phrase) beautiful, big, old, rich, expensive, etc.
3 V-ing challenging, sleeping, walking, shaking,
4 V-3 hidden, written, expected, baked, boiled
5 Noun rice, book, birthday, English,

No. Post-Modifiers EXAMPLES
6 Prepositional Phrase (prep+Noun) at, in, on, of, by,
7 V-ing Phrase (Ving + Object/Adverb)
8 V-3 Phrase (V-3 + Object/ Adverb)
9 to infinitive (Phrase) to go, to eat, to study, etc.
10 Adjective Clause who, whom, that, which, whose + ...........

Examples:
Noun Phrase modifiers Meaning
1. a boy (1+NH) seorang anak
2. a naughty boy (1+2+NH) anak nakal
3. a sleeping child (1+3+NH) anak yang sedang tidur
4. singing birds (3+NH) burung-burung yang berkicau
5. a wtitten test (1+4+NH) test tertulis
6. the imported products (1+4+NH) produk-produk yang diimpor
7. a birthday cake (1+5+NH) roti ulang tahun
8. The tree behind the house (1+NH+6) Pohon yang berada dibelakang rumah
9. The people living in poverty (1+NH+7) Orang-orang yang hidup dalam kemiskinan
10. The papers presented at the meeting (1+NH+8) Makalah yang dipresentasikan dalam pertemuan itu

PRACTICE 2 A: Compound Sentences

2009-06-19T02:08:00.001-07:00

PRACTICE 2 A: Compound Sentences

Decide which of the following are compound sentences and which are simple sentences. Click CS or SS in the space at the left, and add commas to the compound sentences.

Some states allow you to get married at age fourteen but most states require you to be sixteen.
Couples may get married in a church or in a government office.
A religious official or a government official may perform the marriage ceremony.
The bride's family pays for the wedding but the groom's family pays for the rehearsal dinner.
The groom enters the church, and waits for his bride at the front.
The friends of the groom write "Just Married" on the young couple's car and the old shoes and tin cans to the rear bumper.
The bride usually wears a white dress and carries a bouquet of flowers in her hands.
The bachelor party lasted until 3:00 a.m, so the groom was late to his own wedding.

PRACTICE 2 B: Compound Sentences

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences to make a compound sentence. Use all three ways you have just learned, and punctuate carefully. a). use a conjunction b). use a semicolon c). use sentence connector.

Robots can do boring, repetitive work. They can do unsafe jobs.
Robots can make minor decisions. They cannot really think.
Robots don't get tired, sick, or hungry.They can work twenty-four hours a day.
Human factory workers must learn new skills. They will be out of work because of robots.

Answer:

1.	a.
	b.
	c.

2.	a.
	b.
	c.

3.	a.
	b.
	c.

4.	a.
	b. (not possible)
	c.

Compound Sentence

2009-06-19T02:07:00.001-07:00

Compound Sentence

The bride's guests sit on the left, ..... the groom's guests sit on the right.

A.	but
B.	or

C.	and
D.	so

The bride's father pays for the wedding, ........ he doesn't pay for the rehearsal dinner.

A.	and
B.	but

C.	or
D.	so

The party lasted until midnight, ....... everyone was tired.

A.	so
B.	and

C.	but
D.	or

The bride may have one bridesmaid, ....... she may have several.

A.	and
B.	but

C.	so
D.	or

The wind is blowing, ......... it is not cold

A.	yet
B.	for

C.	nor
D.	so

Some people are starting to leave, ........ the storm is predicted to reach the city.

A.	nor
B.	yet

C.	for
D.	so

The sun isn't shining, ......... is the wind blowing now.

A.	or
B.	nor

C.	for
D.	and

We rarely stay in the hotel, for ...................................

A.	we are rich.
B.	the hotel fare is cheap.

C.	we are on vacation.
D.	we cannot afford it.

........................ but I don't bring my ATM card.

A.	I need to withdraw money soon
B.	I want to save my money in the bank

C.	I don't need much money.
D.	I found a wallet

10.

The electricity is off, so ........................

A.	I can finish my paper.
B.	I don't need to submit my paper.

C.	I cannot finish my paper.
D.	I will study all the night.

Compound Sentence

2009-06-19T02:01:00.000-07:00

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is composed of two simple sentences joined together by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. So, a compound sentences consists of two independent clauses. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English: and, but, so, or, for, nor, and yet.

Here are compound sentences:

Tom loves Erica, and she loves him.

Jack loves Jean, but she loves Ronald.

Jack should forget Jean, or he will die a lonely man.

Jean doesn't love Jack, so she won't marry him.

Bob is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.

We rarely stay in hotels, for we can't afford it.

I can't swim well, nor can I play tennis.

RULES FOR USING COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

■	and joins sentences that are alike.
■	but joins sentences that are opposite or show contrast.
■	so joins sentences when the second sentence expresses the result of something described in the first sentence.
■	or joins sentences that give choices or alternatives.
■	yet has approximately the same meaning as but', that is, it shows contrast or joins opposites.
■	for means because; it introduces a reason or cause.
■	nor means not this and not that; use nor to join two negative sentences.

NOTE-1: The word order after nor is like a question. The helping verb (is, does, did, can, will, etc.) comes before the subject of the part of the sentence introduced by nor.

NOTE-2: Use a comma before the coordinating conjunction in compound sentences only. Do not use a comma when joining compound elements in simple sentences.

Notice the difference:

Compound sentence.
The bride may have one bridesmaid, or she may have several.

Simple sentence with a compound complement:
The bride may have one bridesmaid or several.

Compound sentence:
They wanted to get married immediately, but they decided to wait until June.

Simple sentence with a compound verb:
They wanted to get married immediately but decided to wait until June.

The second way to make a compound sentence is to join the two independent clauses with a semicolon (;).

Tom loves Erica; she loves him.

Jack loves Jean; she loves Ronald.

Jean doesn't love Jack; she won't marry him.

NOTE: Or cannot be replaced by a semicolon.

A third way to make a compound sentence is to join the two independent clauses with a semicolon + sentence connector + comma. A sentence connector is a word such as however or therefore.

Here is a list of frequently used sentence connectors and their approximate meanings.

Sentence Connector	Meaning
moreover	and
furthermore	and
however	but
otherwise	or, in the sense of "if not"
therefore	so, in the sense of "as a result"

Tom loves Erica; moreover, she loves him.

Tom loves Erica; furthermore, she loves him.

Jack loves Jean; however, she loves Ronald.

Jack should forget Jean; otherwise, he will die a lonely man.

Jean doesn't love Jack; therefore, she won't marry him.

Practice : Sentence without 'to be'

2009-06-07T07:27:00.000-07:00

Translate the following sentences into good English.

Kamu bisa menemuiku besok pagi.
Mereka sudah menyelesaikan semua tugas bahasa Inggris I.
Saya membeli kamus ini di Shopping Center.
Semua sungai mengalir ke laut.
Saya lulus SMA tahun 2006.
Dia berasal dari Surabaya.
Kita sudah makan siang.
Saya biasanya bangun tidur sekitar jam 5 pagi.
Musim hujan biasanya mulai di bulan Oktober.
Orangtuaku akan berkunjung ke rumah kos-ku minggu depan.

Sentence without 'to be'

2009-06-07T07:20:00.000-07:00

Tidak semua kalimat membutuhkan kehadiran 'to be'. Kalimat berikut tanpa 'to be':

1. Verbal Sentence yang bermakna kebiasaan (Present Tense)

Untuk menerangkan sesuatu yang bersifat kebiasaan: habits, routines, permanent actions or general truth, digunakan (Verb-1/ Verb+es).
1. The sun rises in the morning -(general truth)
2. I Play basketball on Sundays. -(habit)
3. She loves me. -(hopefully permanent)

2. Verbal Sentence yang bermakna lampau (Past Tense).

Dalam kalimat yang bersifat 'Lampau', digunakan (Verb2 / Verb+ed).
Subject + Verb-2

Examples:
1. I played football yesterday afternoon.
2. She bought a dictionary three days ago.
3. We renovated the house last year.

Past form (V2) dari Regular Verbs dibentuk dengan menambah akhiran -ed pada Verb tersebut. Sedangkan Past form dari Irregular Verbs tidak ada aturan tetap, sehingga harus dihafalkan.

3. Kalimat dengan Modal Auxiliary Verb

Modal Auxiliary Verb atau singkatnya disebut Modal terdiri dari kata-kata berikut:
Can
Could
must
May
Might
ought to
Will
Would
Shall
Should

Pola kalimat:
Subject + modal+ Verb-1

Examples:
I can swim.
They will go to Jakarta.
You should finish your job soon.

4. Kalimat yang bermakna 'Sudah/ Telah' (Perfect Tense)

Dalam pola kalimat ini have/has/had bermakna sudah atau telah.
Subject + have/has/had+ V3

Examples:
Dia sudah mengumpulkan tugas bahasa Inggris.
She has submitted the English assignment.

Mereka sudah merenovasi rumahnya.
They have renovated their houses.

Linking Verbs

2009-05-15T17:07:00.000-07:00

Linking Verbs

A linking Verb adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai pengubung antara Subject dengan Predicate-nya. Contoh dalam kalimat: "Cewek itu cantik." atau "The girl beautiful". Pada kalimat itu belum ada verb-nya, sehingga diperlukan 'Linking Verb.

The girl is beautiful. (atau)

The girl looks beautiful.

Linking verbs dibedakan menjadi:

To be	is, am, are, was, were
non- to be	become, appear, look, taste, smell, seem, remain, prove,

Apa perbedaan penggunaan dari keduanya?

Linking Verb (to be) dipakai untuk menghubungkan antara Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'NOUN' or GERUND, 'ADJECTIVE', 'ADVERB' or 'Prepositional Phrase'.

He is my friend	(Noun)
My hobby is reading.	(Gerund)
They are happy.	(Adjective)
She is here.	(Adverb)
We are in the classroom.	(Adverb/ prep. phrase

Linking Verb (non-to be) hanya dipakai untuk menghubungkan Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'ADJECTIVE'.

She looks beautiful.

It smells good.

They seem lazy.

Passive Voice

2009-05-15T17:06:00.000-07:00

Passive Voice

Kalimat pasif adalah suatu kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai tindakan/ perbuatan, ini berbeda dengan kalimat aktif dimana subject-lah yang melakukan perbuatan/ tindakan. Ciri utamanya adalah pada Verb, yang dibentuk oleh ‘to be’ dan kerja bentuk ketiga (verb-3) atau past participle.

To be + Verb-3

Examples:

Subject	Verb
Rudy	*repaired* my bicycle yesterday.
My bicycle	*was repaired* by Rudy yesterday.

Beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif, antara lain:

Subject pada kalimat pasif berasal dari object pada kalimat aktif.
Tense pada kalimat pasif mengikuti tense pada kalimat aktifnya.
Hanya kalimat dengan transitive Verb yang bisa diubah kedalam bentuk pasif.

Perhatikan perubahan dari kalimat aktif menjadi pasif pada masing-masing tenses :

1. Simple Present
Active:	My mother cooks the meal everyday.
Passive:	The meal is cooked by mother everyday.

2. Simple Past
Active:	My mother cooked the meal yesterday.
Passive:	The meal was cooked by mother yesterday.

3. Present Continuous
Active:	My mother is cooking the meal at the moment
Passive:	The meal is being cooked by mother at the moment

4. Past continuous
Active:	My mother was cooking the meal when I arrived.
Passive:	The meal was being cooked by mother when I arrived.

5. Present perfect
Active:	My mother has cooked the meal.
Passive	The meal has been cooked by mother.

6. Past perfect
Active:	My mother had cooked the meal before the children came home from school.
Passive:	The meal had been cooked by mother before the children came home from school.

7. Present perfect continuous
Active:	My mother has been cooking the meal since I arrived.
Passive:	The meal has been being cooked by mother since I arrived.

8. Past perfect continuous
Active:	My mother had been cooking the meal for an hour when father came home from work.
Passive:	The meal had been being cooked by mother for an hour when father came home from work.

9. Simple Future
Active:	My mother will cook the meal this afternoon.
Passive:	The meal will be cooked by mother this afternoon.

10. Future perfect
Active:	My mother will have cooked the meal when the children come home from school this afternoon.
Passive:	The meal will have been cooked by mother when the children come home from school this afternoon.

11. Future Continuous
Active:	My mother will be cooking the meal at 4 this afternoon.
Passive	The meal will be being cooked by mother at 4 this afternoon.

12. Future perfect continuous
Active:	My mother will have been cooking the meal for an hour when father comes home from work this afternoon.
Passive:	The meal will have been being cooked by mother for an hour when father comes home from work this afternoon.

Rumus pola aktif – pasif untuk semua tenses :

Present	Active	Passive
Simple	S+V1(V+s/es)+O	S+ is/am/are + V3
Simple	Rita writes a letter	A letter is written by Rita
Continuous	S + is/am/are + V- ing	S + is/am/are + being + V3
Continuous	Rita is writing a letter	A letter is being written by Rita
Perfect	S + Have/has + V3	S + have/has + been + V3
Perfect	Rita has written a letter	A letter has been written by Rita
Perfect Continuous	S+have/has+been +V-ing	S + have /has + been + being+V 3
Perfect Continuous	Rita has been writing a letter	A letter been being written by Rita

Past	Active	passive
Simple	S + V2+ O	S + was/were + V3
Simple	Rita wrote a letter	A letter was written by Rita
Continuous	S + was/were + V- ing	S + was/were + being + V3
Continuous	Rita was writing a letter	A letter was being written by Rita
Perfect	S + had + V3	S + had + been + V3
Perfect	Rita had written a letter	A letter had been written by Rita
Perfect Continuous	S + had + been + V-ing	S + had + been + being +V 3
Perfect Continuous	Rita had been writing a letter.	A letter had been being written by Rita.

Future	Active	passive
Simple	S + will +V1+ O	S + will + be + V3
Simple	Rita will write a letter	A letter will be written by Rita
Continuous	S + will + be + V- ing	S + will + be+ being + V3
Continuous	Rita will be writing a letter	A letter will be being written by Rita
Perfect	S + will + have + V3	S + will + have + been + V3
Perfect	Rita will have written a letter	A letter will have been written by Rita
Perfect Continuous	S + will + have + been + V-ing	S + will + have + been + being +V 3
Perfect Continuous	Rita will have been writing a letter	A letter will have been being written by Rita

Past Future	Active	passive
Past future	S + would + V1+ O	S + would + be + V3
Past future	Rita would write a letter	A letter would be written by Rita
Past future Continuous	S + would + be + V- ing	S + would + be+ being + V3
Past future Continuous	Rita would be writing a letter	A letter would be being written by Rita
Past future Perfect	S + would + have + V3	S + would + have + been + V3
Past future Perfect	Rita would have written a letter	A letter would have been written by Rita
Past future Perfect Continuous	S+would+have+been+V-ing	S+ would+have+been+being+V3
Past future Perfect Continuous	Rita would have been writing a letter	A letter would have been being written by Rita

IRREGULAR VERBS

2009-05-15T17:00:00.000-07:00

IRREGULAR VERBS
Verb-1	Verb-2	Verb-3	meaning
bear	bore	born	melahirkan
begin	began	begun	memulai
beat	beat	beaten	memukul
bend	bent	bent	membengkokan
become	became	become	menjadi
bite	bit	bitten	menggigit
blow	blew	blown	meniup
break	broke	broken	memecahkan
bring	brought	brought	membawa
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast	menyiarkan
build	built	built	membangun
burn	burnt	burnt	membakar
buy	bought	bought	membeli
catch	caught	caught	menangkap
choose	chose	choosen	memilih
come	came	come	datang
cut	cut	cut	memotong
dig	dug	dug	menggali
draw	drew	drawn	menggambar
do	did	done	mengerjakan
drink	drank	drunk	minum
dream	dreamt	dreamt	mimpi
drive	drove	driven	menyopir
dwell	dwelt	dwelt	menghuni
eat	ate	eaten	makan
fall	fell	fell	jatuh
feed	fed	fed	memberi makan
feel	felt	felt	merasa
fight	fought	fought	berkelahi
find	found	found	menemukan
fly	flew	flown	terbang
forbid	forbade	forbidden	melarang
get	got	got	mendapat
give	gave	given	memberi makan
go	went	gone	pergi
grow	grew	grown	tumbuh
hang	hung	hung	menggantung
have	had	had	mempunyai
hear	heard	heard	mendengar
hit	hit	hit	memukul
hold	held	held	memegang
hurt	hurt	hurt	melukai
keep	kept	kept	menyimpan
hide	hid	hidden	bersembunyi
know	knew	known	mengetahui
lay	laid	laid	menaruh
lead	led	led	memimpin
light	lit	lit	menyalakan
lose	lost	lost	menghilangkan
lie	lay	lain	berbaring
leave	left	left	meninggalkan
make	made	made	membuat
mean	meant	meant	berarti
pay	paid	paid	membayar
put	put	put	meletakkan
read	read	read	membaca
ride	rode	riden	mengendarai
ring	rang	rung	membunyikan
rise	rose	risen	terbit
run	ran	run	berlari
see	saw	seen	melihat
send	sent	sent	mengirim
sleep	slept	slept	tidur
smell	smelt	smelt	membantu
speak	spoke	spoken	berbicara
spell	spelt	spelt	mengeja
spend	spent	spent	menghabiskan
spread	spread	spread	menyebar
stand	stood	stood	berdiri
steal	stole	stolen	mencuri
sell	sold	sold	menjual
shake	shook	shaken	mengocok
shine	shone	shone	bersinar
shoot	shot	shot	menembak
show	showed	shown	menunjukkan
shut	shut	shut	menutup
sing	sang	sung	bernyanyi
sink	sank	sunk	tenggelam
sit	sat	sat	duduk
stick	stuck	stuck	menancapkan
say	said	said	mengatakan
seek	sought	sought	mencari
set	set	set	mengatur
swear	swore	sworn	bersumpah
sting	stung	stung	menyengat
take	took	taken	mengambil
teach	taught	taught	mengajar
tear	tore	torn	merobek
tell	told	told	bercerita
think	thought	thought	berfikir
think	thought	thought	mengira
throw	threw	thrown	melempar
understand	understood	understood	memahami
strike	struck	struck	memukul
sweep	swept	swept	menyapu
swim	swam	swum	berenang
swing	swung	swung	berayun
take	took	taken	mengambil
undertake	undertook	undertaken	menangani.
win	won	won	memenangkan
wind	wound	wound	memutar
write	wrote	written	menulis
weave	wove	woven	menganyam
wake up	woke up	waken up	bangun
wear	wore	worn	memakai
weep	wept	wept	menangis

Sentence with 'to be'

2009-04-23T03:08:00.000-07:00

Salah satu kesalahan yang sering muncul dalam writing mahasiswa adalah penggunaan 'to be' pada kalimat yang seharusnya tidak menggunkan to be. Karena tidak semua kalimat memerlukan kehadiran 'to be'. Berikut ini pola kalimat yang menggunakan to be sebagai Verb, atau sebagai bagian dari Verb:

1. Dalam Nominal Sentence

Dalam Nominal Sentence diperlukan 'to be' sebagai linking verb sebagai Verb-nya: Sehingga pola kalimatnya menjadi:

Subject + to be + Complement

Keterangan TO BE: is, am, are. was, were
Jenis kata berikut bisa sebagai Complement:
1. Noun
2. Adjective,
3. Adverb of place or
4. prepositional phrase

Examples:
1. He is a lecturer. (Noun)
2. We are happy. (Adjective)
3. She is here. (Adverb of place)
4. We are in the classroom (prep. Phrase)
5. You are in danger. (Prep. Phrase)

2. dalam 'Progressive Tense'. (Sedang)

Subject + to be + V-ing

Examples:
Mereka sedang menonton sepak bola
They are watching football.

Dia sedang membaca koran.
He is reading newspaper.

3. dalam 'Passive Voice' (kalimat pasif)

Subject + to be + V-3

Examples:
Perampok itu terbunuh.
The robber was killed
Buku ini ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris
The book was witten in English.
Lantai ini dibersihkan setiap pagi.
The floor is cleaned every morning.

Sebagian besar verb-3 dibentuk dengan penambahan akhiran -ed, sama seperti pembentukan Verb-2, tetapi untuk beberapa verbs yang termasuk irregular verbs tidak ada aturan tetap, sehingga harus dihafalkan. More about Passive Voice

Practice : Sentence with 'to be'

2009-04-23T03:06:00.000-07:00

Translate the following sentences into good English.
1. Teman-temanku di perpustakaan.
2. Mereka sedang mengerjakan tugas Bahasa Inggris.
3. Dompetku ditemukan di bawah tempat tidur.
4. Sepatuku dibeli 4 hari yang lalu di Malioboro Mall.
5. Para korban gempa sedang membangun rumah mereka.
6. Rumah kosku disebelah Kampus Stikes.
7. Saya sedang memikirkan pacarku yang cantik.
8. Peserta seminar sedang mendiskusikan masalah kesehatan.
9. Pasien flu burung dipindah ke ruang khusus.
10. Semua mahasiswa perempuan diwajibkan memakai jilbab.
11. Hari ini saya sangat bahagia.
12. Dia teman terbaikku di kampus ini.

Sentence Patterns

2009-04-20T16:03:00.000-07:00

Simple sentence memiliki beberapa pola diantarannya sebagai berikut:

Examples:

1).	Subject	Verb
	The cat	died

2).	Subject	Verb	Complement
	She	is	beautiful

3).	Subject	Verb	Adverb
	My father	went	to Jakarta

4)	Subject	Verb	Object
	A cow	eats	grass

5)	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
	He	gave	me	a book

6)	Subject	Verb	Object 2	Object 1
	He	gave	a book	to me

7)	Subject	Verb	Complement	Adverb
	Yunita	was	sick	yesterday

8.	Subject	Verb	Object	Adverb
	I	bought	a dictionary	yesterday

9.	Subject	Verb	Adverb1	Adverb2
	My father	went	to Jakarta	yesterday

Karena adverb tertentu bisa fleksibel posisinnya (awal, tengah, atau akhir kalimat), pola lain diluar itu masih mungkin.

Practice : Sentence Pattern

2009-04-20T16:01:00.000-07:00

Translate the following sentences into good English and write the pattern of each sentence.

1. Teman-temanmu di perpustakaan sejam yang lalu.
2. Saya membelikan hadiah ulang tahun ini untuk pacarku.
3. Singa-singa itu sedang tidur.
4. Kemarin dia membawakan ibuku sayur mayur.
5. Mereka pergi ke pantai Parangteritis hari minggu lalu.
6. Kita sangat berbahagia pada hari lebaran.
7. Dosen itu meminjamkan saya buku referensi.
8. Kamus ini mahal.
9. Setiap orang membutuhkan uang.
10. Saya sangat bahagia hari ini.

Subject-Verb Agreement

2009-04-14T16:24:00.000-07:00

Dalam "Present Tense" antara Subject dan Verb harus bersesuaian. Artinya:

Apabila subject dalam bentuk singular (tunggal), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk singular (tunggal).
Apabila subject dalam bentuk plural (jamak), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk plural (jamak).

Subject (plural) + Verb (plural)

Subject ( Singular) + Verb (singular)

Examples

The boy walks to school.

The boys walk to school

My friends are nice.

One of my friends is nice.

Catatan:

'Plural Noun' biasanya berakhiran -s/es, singular Noun TANPA -s/es, sebaliknya 'plural Verb' TANPA akhiran -s/es dan 'singular Verb' berakhiran -s/es.

Untuk “to be”, Pada present tense is dipergunakan dengan subject tunggal dan are dengan subject jamak. Pada past tense was dengan subject tunggall dan were untuk subject jamak.

Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan kaitannya dengan Subject-Verb Agreement adalah:

1. Subject with Prepositional Phrase.

Untuk Subjek yang berupa frase (noun phrase) yang diterangkan oleh prepositional phrase, yang menjadi subjek adalah kata benda utamanya, yang biasanya terletak sebelum preposisi;

Examples:

One of my friends lives in this remote village
Three of my friends live in this remote village.
The trees behind the house are very tall.
The tree behind the houses is very tall.
A group of students goes to Kaliurang every Sunday.
A group of university students goes camping every weekend.
An increase in the sales of new cars makes the traffic jam worse.

2. Subject with Expressions of Quantity

Aturan khusus terjadi bila Subject adalah "Expressions of Quantity" seperti kata: all, most, some, part, diikuti preposisi of. Dalam kasus ini Subject (all, most, some) bisa singular atau plural, tergantung pada apa yang mengikuti preposisi 'of'.

All (of the book) was interesting. -(singular)

All (of the books) were interesting. -(plural)

All (of the information) was interesting. -(uncountable)

Some of the animals were released from the zoo into the animal preserve. -(plural)

3. Subject of Certain words

Kata-kata berikut secara grammar selalu singular, sehingga memerlukan Verb singular.

anybody	everybody	nobody
anyone	everyone	no one
anything	everything	nothing


somebody	every(+noun)	either / either of ……
someone	each (+noun)	neither / neither of …….
something	each of……

Examples:

Everybody needs money.
Nobody comes here.
Each of the students is required to sign the forms.
Everybody is impressed with the view of Danau Toba.
Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.
There are two girls approaching Setiawan. Either of them wears blue jeans.

4.	Subjek yang menyatakan hitungan jarak, volume, berat, uang, prosentase, dan waktu selalu dianggap tungal, oleh karenanya predikatnya-pun tunggal.

Examples:

250 kilometers is the distance for the race.
4.5435 liters is equal to 1,201 gallons.
60 kilograms was her weight when she was young.
Seventy five percent of Indonesian populations lives in Java.
$ 10 (ten dollars) has the same value as Rp. 100,000
12 months has 365 days

5.	Subyek yang terbentuk dari gerund (verb-ing) atau 'to-infinitive' harus dianggap tunggal.

Swimming makes us healthy.
Producing fine paintings requires skill and creativity.
To err is human.

6.	Subyek dengan kata ‘number’ bisa dianggap singular dan bisa juga plural.

A number of .......... harus diikuti Verb bentuk jamak
The number of ........... harus diikuti Verb bentuk tunggal

Example:

The number of illiterate people in our country decreases drastically.
A number of illiterate people in our country decrease drastically

7.	Untuk kata ‘either’ berpasangan dengan ‘or’ atau ‘neither’ berpasangan dengan ‘nor’, verb-nya tergantung pada kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’.

Neither Agus nor Rudy is going to class today.
Either Yuni or Nunik is going to the beach today.
Neither Rudy nor his friends are going to class today.
Either Rudy or his cassmates are going to beach today.
Rudy or Rita is going to class today.
Rudy or his friends are going to class today.

8.	Subject dari kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung ( uncountable noun ) harus dianggap singular.

Examples :

Water flows to the lower part of the land.
The news of Yunita’s marriage is surprising many boys.

9. Nama – nama cabang ilmu harus dianggap singular

Examples :

Mathematics needs to be taught in Kindergarten.
Economics is one of the subjects that I take this semester.

10.	Keterangan tambahan untuk Kata Benda pada Subject, seperti prepositional phrase, appositives, present participle phrase, past participle phrase, dan adjective clause tidak mempengaruhi singular/plural pada Verb-nya. Yang mempengaruhi Verb-nya adalah Kata Benda utamanya (NOUN HEAD).

Examples:

Yuliana, together with her friends, is watching the film.
Fitri, accompanied by her parents, is complaining her English score of the final test.
The woman (who lives together with her four daugthers) is very poor.
Sally, the best student in the class, lives in a dormitory.
The packages mailed at the post office yesterday are for my brother in Jakarta.
The man talking to his friend has three wives.
Tommy, the youngest son of former President Soeharto, was sent to Nusakambangan.

Catatan: Appositives adalah Noun atau Noun Phrase yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda lain: antara yang menerangkan dan yang diterangkan mengacu ke hal yang sama. Lihat contoh 1 dan 7

More Exercise Subject-Verb Agreement

2009-04-14T16:05:00.000-07:00

PRACTICE 1: Subject-Verb Agreement

You already know that subjects and verbs must agree in number. Choose a verb that agrees with the subject.

My sister (is / are) married.
My sisters (is / are) married.
My brother and my sister (is / are) single.
All of my brothers (is / are) students.
One of my brothers (is / are) a musician.
Neither of mv parents (is / are) living.
Much of my time (is / are) spent in the library.
Both of my parents (is / are) teachers.
Several of the teachers (speak / speaks) my language.
Either of my sisters (have / has) no boyfriend.
Some of the money (was / were) missing.
Some of the students (was / were) missing.
Each of my brothers (want / wants) his own car.
Most of the ice (was / were) melted.
Most of the ice cubes (was / were) melted.
All of my time (is / are) spent in the library.
A lot of the people (was / were) angry.
A lot of the work (was / were) too easy.
A group of young people (go / goes) to Kaliurang every saturday night.
The mother with her little children often (sleep / sleeps) in front of the store.

Practice 2: Subject Verb Agreement

Translate the following sentences. Make the Verb agrees with the Subject.

Sungai Progo mengalir ke laut selatan.
Semua sungai mengalir ke laut.
Sekelompok pendaki gunung tinggal di sebuah tenda tua.
Setiap mahasiswa menginginkan nilai yang baik.
Tak seorangpun mengetahui nama lengkapku.
Sebagian besar mahasiswa tinggal di rumah kos.
Pacarku tinggal di asrama .
Ibu Tamara bersama tiga anaknya tinggal di rumah baru.
Bumi mengelilingi matahari.
Salah satu teman kelasku sakit.
Liburan Idul Fitri mulai hari ini.
Empat kilometer tidak begitu jauh.
Berenang di pantai Parangteritis berbahaya.
Membaca buku memerlukan konsentrasi.
Segala sesuatu mahal di kota ini.

EXERCISE I Subject Verb Agreement

2009-04-14T16:04:00.000-07:00

Subject-Verb Agreement

A number of students in UMY …. each year.

A.	increase
B.	increased
C.	increases

D.	has increased
E.	is increasing

To face the globalization era in 2020, improvement in all sectors of the economy ……..

A.	highly necessitated
B.	is highly necessary
C.	the necessity is very high

D.	are necessarily high
E.	are highly necessitated

The burden of economic problems … the majority of Indonesian people.

A.	have been frustrated
B.	deeply frustrate
C.	it is deeply frustrating

D.	has frustrated
E.	are frustrated

Different interpretations on the same event by various newspapers ….. readers confused and angry.

A.	to make
B.	they make
C.	make

D.	it makes
E.	makes

At the beginning of the semester, each of the students ……… given a new time-table.

A.	he is
B.	they are
C.	are

D.	is
E.	be

Due to monetary crisis, the number of people without jobs ……… at the moment.

A.	increase
B.	is increasing
C.	increased

D.	was increasing
E.	will increase

One of the problems faced by foreign businessmen …….. the frequent changing of regulations.

A.	are
B.	is
C.	is being

D.	to be
E.	be

Due to the current financial condition, our budget plan for 1998/ 1999 ………..

A.	needs to review
B.	needs to be reviewed
C.	needs review

D.	is needed to be reviewed
E.	it needs reviewing

The way he smiles and talks always ……….. many girls.

A.	to attract
B.	is attracts
C.	attracts

D.	attracting
E.	attract

10.

In the next poetry reading contest, each of the contestants ……… expected to be more critical and more accurate in pronunciation.

A.	is
B.	to be
C.	are

D.	being
E.	they are

11.

Five hundred miles ………. a long distance to drive in one day.

A.	to be
B.	they are
C.	are being

D.	is
E.	it is

12.

The increase in the sales of new cars …….. expected to make traffic jam worse.

A.	is
B.	being
C.	are

D.	to be
E.	be

13.

Producing fine paintings ……skill and creativity.

A.	require
B.	they require
C.	it is requiring

D.	requires
E.	it requires

14.

The number of illiterate people in our country …………. drastically.

A.	to decrease
B.	decrease
C.	has decreased

D.	they decrease
E.	it

15.

Neither the football players nor their coach ........... satisfied with the referee's decision.

A.	was
B.	being
C.	be

D.	he was
E.	were

16.

Although the boys have enough money, neither of them ……….. going on vacation.

A.	was
B.	were
C.	are

D.	have been
E.	is

17.

All the classmates of their only son …. invited to his birthday party.

A.	am
B.	be
C.	are

D.	being
E.	is

18.

The school has a lot of classroom, each of them …….. equipped with an overhead projector.

A.	are
B.	being
C.	is

D.	to be
E.	they are

19.

Neither the students nor the professor ………. happy about the result of the experiment.

A.	have been
B.	was
C.	to be

D.	are
E.	were

20.

An increase in the number of students …….. expected next year.

A.	are
B.	were
C.	is

D.	will
E.	was

Subject-Verb Agreement

2009-04-07T20:00:00.000-07:00

Dalam "Present Tense" antara Subject dan Verb harus bersesuaian. Artinya:

Apabila subject dalam bentuk singular (tunggal), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk singular (tunggal).
Apabila subject dalam bentuk plural (jamak), maka kata kerja (verb)/ auxiliary harus berbentuk plural (jamak).

Subject (plural) + Verb (plural)

Subject ( Singular) + Verb (singular)

Examples

The boy walks to school.

The boys walk to school

My friends are nice.

One of my friends is nice.

Catatan:

'Plural Noun' biasanya berakhiran -s/es, singular Noun TANPA -s/es, sebaliknya 'plural Verb' TANPA akhiran -s/es dan 'singular Verb' berakhiran -s/es.

Untuk “to be”, Pada present tense is dipergunakan dengan subject tunggal dan are dengan subject jamak. Pada past tense was dengan subject tunggall dan were untuk subject jamak.

Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan kaitannya dengan Subject-Verb Agreement adalah:

1. Subject with Prepositional Phrase.

Untuk Subjek yang berupa frase (noun phrase) yang diterangkan oleh prepositional phrase, yang menjadi subjek adalah kata benda utamanya, yang biasanya terletak sebelum preposisi;

Examples:

One of my friends lives in this remote village
Three of my friends live in this remote village.
The trees behind the house are very tall.
The tree behind the houses is very tall.
A group of students goes to Kaliurang every Sunday.
A group of university students goes camping every weekend.
An increase in the sales of new cars makes the traffic jam worse.

2. Subject with Expressions of Quantity

All (of the book) was interesting. -(singular)

All (of the books) were interesting. -(plural)

All (of the information) was interesting. -(uncountable)

Some of the animals were released from the zoo into the animal preserve. -(plural)

3. Subject of Certain words

Kata-kata berikut secara grammar selalu singular, sehingga memerlukan Verb singular.

anybody	everybody	nobody
anyone	everyone	no one
anything	everything	nothing


somebody	every(+noun)	either / either of ……
someone	each (+noun)	neither / neither of …….
something	each of……

Examples:

Everybody needs money.
Nobody comes here.
Each of the students is required to sign the forms.
Everybody is impressed with the view of Danau Toba.
Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.
There are two girls approaching Setiawan. Either of them wears blue jeans.

4.	Subjek yang menyatakan hitungan jarak, volume, berat, uang, prosentase, dan waktu selalu dianggap tungal, oleh karenanya predikatnya-pun tunggal.

Examples:

250 kilometers is the distance for the race.
4.5435 liters is equal to 1,201 gallons.
60 kilograms was her weight when she was young.
Seventy five percent of Indonesian populations lives in Java.
$ 10 (ten dollars) has the same value as Rp. 100,000
12 months has 365 days

5.	Subyek yang terbentuk dari gerund (verb-ing) atau 'to-infinitive' harus dianggap tunggal.

Swimming makes us healthy.
Producing fine paintings requires skill and creativity.
To err is human.

6.	Subyek dengan kata ‘number’ bisa dianggap singular dan bisa juga plural.

A number of .......... harus diikuti Verb bentuk jamak
The number of ........... harus diikuti Verb bentuk tunggal

Example:

The number of illiterate people in our country decreases drastically.
A number of illiterate people in our country decrease drastically

7.	Untuk kata ‘either’ berpasangan dengan ‘or’ atau ‘neither’ berpasangan dengan ‘nor’, verb-nya tergantung pada kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’.

Neither Agus nor Rudy is going to class today.
Either Yuni or Nunik is going to the beach today.
Neither Rudy nor his friends are going to class today.
Either Rudy or his cassmates are going to beach today.
Rudy or Rita is going to class today.
Rudy or his friends are going to class today.

8.	Subject dari kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung ( uncountable noun ) harus dianggap singular.

Examples :

Water flows to the lower part of the land.
The news of Yunita’s marriage is surprising many boys.

9. Nama – nama cabang ilmu harus dianggap singular

Examples :

Mathematics needs to be taught in Kindergarten.
Economics is one of the subjects that I take this semester.

10.	Keterangan tambahan untuk Kata Benda pada Subject, seperti prepositional phrase, appositives, present participle phrase, past participle phrase, dan adjective clause tidak mempengaruhi singular/plural pada Verb-nya. Yang mempengaruhi Verb-nya adalah Kata Benda utamanya (NOUN HEAD).

Examples:

Yuliana, together with her friends, is watching the film.
Fitri, accompanied by her parents, is complaining her English score of the final test.
The woman (who lives together with her four daugthers) is very poor.
Sally, the best student in the class, lives in a dormitory.
The packages mailed at the post office yesterday are for my brother in Jakarta.
The man talking to his friend has three wives.
Tommy, the youngest son of former President Soeharto, was sent to Nusakambangan.

Catatan: Appositives adalah Noun atau Noun Phrase yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda lain: antara yang menerangkan dan yang diterangkan mengacu ke hal yang sama. Lihat contoh 1 dan 7

Linking Verbs

2009-03-30T22:27:00.000-07:00

Linking Verbs

The girl is beautiful. (atau)

The girl looks beautiful.

Linking verbs dibedakan menjadi:

To be	is, am, are, was, were
non- to be	become, appear, look, taste, smell, seem, remain, prove,

Apa perbedaan penggunaan dari keduanya?

Linking Verb (to be) dipakai untuk menghubungkan antara Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'NOUN' or GERUND, 'ADJECTIVE', 'ADVERB' or 'Prepositional Phrase'.

He is my friend	(Noun)
My hobby is reading.	(Gerund)
They are happy.	(Adjective)
She is here.	(Adverb)
We are in the classroom.	(Adverb/ prep. phrase

Linking Verb (non-to be) hanya dipakai untuk menghubungkan Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'ADJECTIVE'.

She looks beautiful.

It smells good.

They seem lazy.

Transitive or Intransitive Verbs

2009-03-30T22:26:00.000-07:00

Transitive Verbs adalah kata kerja yang membutuhkan Object.

Subject	Verb	Object
Everybody	needs	money
I	love	you
A cow	eats	grass

Intransitive Verbs adalah kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan Object.

Subject	Verbs	Adverb
He	walks	to campus
The baby	cries	every night

Untuk meyakinkan apakah Verb yang akan dipakai itu transitive atau intransitive, sebaiknya anda membuka kamus standar.

V E R B S

2009-03-30T22:24:00.000-07:00

Verb (kata kerja) adalah kata inti dalam predikat yang merupakan tindakan dari subject.

Subject	Predicate
She	wrote a letter
He	needs more money.
We	read newspaper every morning

Verbs merupakan jenis kata yang paling komplek. Verb memiliki property grammatical seperti:

TENSE	-tambahan akhiran tertentu atau kata bantu tertentu menandakan 'waktu' kejadian
VOICE	pola aturan untuk membuat kalimat aktif, atau pasif.
MOOD	Bentuk tertentu menunjukkan (a) command and request (b) wishes (c) conditional
ASPECT	Bentuk verbs tertentu dgn adverb bisa menunjukkan apakah peristiwa itu terjadi pada titik waktu tertentu atau dengan durasi.

NOUN PHRASE

2009-03-19T03:15:00.000-07:00

Noun Phrase adalah kelompok kata yang unsur utamanya Noun (kata benda) dengan kata lainnya sebagai penjelasnya. Kata benda utama (yang dijelaskan) disebut Noun Head, sedangkan penjelasnya dinakamakan Modifiers. Modifiers yang berada sebelum Noun Head dinamakan Pre-Modifiers, sedang yang dibelakang Noun Head disebut Post-Modififier.

Pre-Modifiers + NOUN HEAD + Post Modifiers

Noun merupakan jenis kata yang frekuensi pemakaiannya terbanyak. Setiap kalimat bisa dipastikan memiliki satu Noun atau lebih. Dalam suatu kalimat Noun bisa hadir sendiri atau dalam frase/ kelompok, sebagai subject atau object atau yang lainnya.

Girls need attention. (Noun sebagai subject)

Many beautiful girls in this class need attention. (Noun-Phrase sebagai subject)

Dalam bahasa Indonesia yang menjelaskan kata benda selalu berada dibelakang kata benda dan umumnya didahuli dengan kata yang. Sebagai contoh 'anak nakal' sama dengan 'anak yang nakal'. Sedang dalam bahasa Inggris yang menerangkan kata benda bisa berada didepannya dibelakangnya atau pada kedua posisi, depan dan belakang.

Berikut daftar jenis kata yang bisa menerangkan Noun serta nomor urut-nya.

No.	Pre-modifiers	EXAMPLES
1	Determiners	a, an, the, one, two, three, a few, some, several, all, this, that, my, your. etc.
2	Adjective (Phrase)	beautiful, big, old, rich, expensive, etc.
3	V-ing	challenging, sleeping, walking, shaking,
4	V-3	hidden, written, expected, baked, boiled
5	Noun	rice, book, birthday, English,

No.	Post-Modifiers	EXAMPLES
6	Prepositional Phrase	(prep+Noun) at, in, on, of, by,
7	V-ing Phrase	(Ving + Object/Adverb)
8	V-3 Phrase	(V-3 + Object/ Adverb)
9	to infinitive (Phrase)	to go, to eat, to study, etc.
10	Adjective Clause	who, whom, that, which, whose + ...........

Examples:

	Noun Phrase	modifiers	Meaning
1.	a boy	(1+NH)	seorang anak
2.	a naughty boy	(1+2+NH)	anak nakal
3.	a sleeping child	(1+3+NH)	anak yang sedang tidur
4.	singing birds	(3+NH)	burung-burung yang berkicau
5.	a wtitten test	(1+4+NH)	test tertulis
6.	the imported products	(1+4+NH)	produk-produk yang diimpor
7.	a birthday cake	(1+5+NH)	roti ulang tahun
8.	The tree behind the house	(1+NH+6)	Pohon yang berada dibelakang rumah
9.	The people living in poverty	(1+NH+7)	Orang-orang yang hidup dalam kemiskinan
10.	The papers presented at the meeting	(1+NH+8)	Makalah yang dipresentasikan dalam pertemuan itu
11	the book to read	(1+NH+9)	buku untuk dibaca
12.	The man who has 3 wives	(1+NH+10)	Pria yang mempunyai 3 istri

2009-03-19T03:12:00.000-07:00

Practice: NOUN PHRASE

A. Analyze and indetify the components that modify NOUN HEAD, then translate into Indonesian!

Example:

Some beautiful ladies	beberapa gadis cantik. = (article+adjective+Noun Head) or (1+2+Noun)

Tourists from Japan	Turis-turis dari Jepang. = (Noun+prep phrase) or (Noun + 6)

Many challenging problems
A letter from my father
The expected result
Things made in Japan
A written test
Freedom to speak
A chemical process
A fried chicken
The world food resources
The other living creatures on the earth
Wild plants growing in the forest
Soft skin powder
The scientific solutions to the problems.
Some problems discussed before
A woman to take care of the baby
People working in the factory
The smell of the drinks
Nothing to eat
The will to develop
A psychological approach to the problem
Fertile land forming the main food supplier
His new ideas stated in the conference
The chapters to be taught
The government's attempts to improve the socio-economic condition of the people
More serious attention to the prevention of this irresponsible practice
Some crucial and complicated world problems existing in the 20th century.
The books which we bought last night
Some differences that we know
Experts who can assist us in the development of modern technology.
The lady whom we met last night
The man whose wife is working here
The process how cells multiply themselves
The place where I was born
The reason why the government always changes its policy

B. Make those Noun Phrases in part A into a complete sentences

Practice 2: Noun Phrase

A. Arrange each of the word-groups in parentheses below in the CORRECT ORDER to form the APPROPRIATE SUBJECT of the sentence containing Noun Phrase (Susun-lah setiap kelompok kata yang dikurung di bawah ini dengan URUTAN yang BENAR untuk membentuk SUBYEK yang COCOK bagi kalimat yang berisi Noun Phrase):

(the - chapter - book - of - ten) consists of fifteen pages.
(the - Eisenhower - president - USA - of) was an army general.
(the - seventeenth - August) is a very important day for us.
(room - and - ten - eleven - room) are on the first floor.
(the - Louis - king - fourteenth) was a strong man.
6 (Sumatra - in - East - Toba - Lake) has beautiful scenery.
(the - Presley - singer - famous - Elvis) died there too.
(the - Everest - peak - Mount - highest - world - the - in) lies north of India.
(major - sergeant) is a rank above sergeant.
(general - the - secretary) was an Asian then.
(strait - Java - and - the - Sumatra - between) is Sunda Strait.
(island - the - of - Kalimantan - east) is Sulawesi.
(fourth - of - year - the - the - month) is April.
(step - take - first - the - to) is just this.
(lying - France - country - of - north - the) is Belgium.
(islands - Asia - Australia - the - between - lying - and) are the Indonesian
archipelago.
(spoken - the - in - language - Germany) is German.
(people - in - living - Denmark - the) are Danes.
(native - Holland - of - a) is a Dutchman.
(man - it - do - the - to - first) is your father.
(containing - the - this - book - information) is not for sale.
(article - written - by - the - John) is really interesting.
(living - family - to - next - the - us) seems very rich.
(taught - subject - Professor - the - by - Richards - Jack) is a tough subject.
(talking - you - now - girl - the - to - just) is my sister.

B. Complete each of the following sentences with the PROPER WORD/PHRASE chosen from those presented in parentheses behind each sentence (Lengkapilah setiap kalimat berikut ini dengan KATA/FRASA yang SESUAI yang dipilihkan dari kata-kata yang di kurung di belakang setiap kalimat):

The papers.............................. at the meeting were good, (presenting, presented)
The legs................................ the table are strong enough, (from, of, for)
The man................................ in the yard is Father, (works, working, worked)
The girl................................... long hair is Betty, (on, with, in)
The young lady................................. the red gown is Anne, (in, on, with, wears)
The book ..................................... by Jim is quite interesting, (reading, read)
The next thing.................................... for us is only this, (do, doing, to do)
The men............................................. in this job came here, (interested, interesting)
The book................................... on the table is mine, (lies, lying, lain)
The money...................................... is not ours, (steal, stealing, stolen)
The problem for us........................... is quite simple, (solving, to solve, solve)
The young man............................... the car is John, (drives, driving, driven)
The task ............................... to us yesterday was rather tough, (giving, given)
The table..................................... the hall is too large, (in, at, from, of)
The man ............................... India is very skillful, (of, from, at)
January.................................... is a holiday, (first, the first, one)

Practice 3: Noun Phrase

Translate the following Noun Phrases into English, then try to make complete sentences from those Noun Phrases.

Berita yang mengejutkan
Ayam bakar (ayam yang dibakar)
Burung yang berkicau
Barang-barang yang diimpor dari China
(alat) pemasak nasi
benda-benda terbang yang tidak dikenal (teridentifikasi)
Orang-orang miskin yang tinggal di tepi sungai
Seorang ibu bersama dengan tiga anak perempuannya
Pemandangan yang indah
bantuan untuk para korban gempa bumi di Yogyakarta
produk-produk yang dipamerkan di lantai dasar Malioboro Mall
Pasien yang menderita flu burung
Orang kaya sombong yang tinggal diseberang jalan
Mahasiswa yang tidak mengumpulkan tugas bahasa Inggris
Penjahat yang ditembak polisi di depan kampus UGM
Kebebasan untuk menungkapkan perasaannya

Sentence

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Definition

A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb. A sentence expresses a complete thought. A simple sentence has one subject and one verb. The subject tells who or what did something. The verb tells the action (or condition).

These are simple sentences:

Subject	Verb
I	study.
I	study and work.
My head	hurts.
My head and neck	hurt.
It	is raining.
The students	are reading.

(Notice that the subject in a simple sentence may be compound: My head and neck hurt. Also, the verb in a simple sentence may be compound: I study and work.)
NOTE: "Save your money" is also a complete sentence. The subject "you" is understood and not included.

Subject umumnya berupa kata benda (Noun), atau pengganti kata benda/orang (Pronoun), atau kata lain yang dibendakan (Gerund = kata kerja yang dibendakan, dan bisa juga to-infinitive). Noun dalam subject bisa hadir sendirian (single) atau dalam frasa kata benda (Noun Phrase).

Examples:

My bag is expensive	(Noun)
She likes apples.	(Pronoun)
Swimming makes me healhty.	(Gerund)
To err is human.	(to-infinitive)

Verbs adalah unsur inti dari predicate yang yang menceritakan kegiatan/ tindakan yang dilakukan oleh subject atau menceritakan tentang kondisi subject.

Practice on Simple Sentences

2009-03-16T20:30:00.000-07:00

Practice 1: Sentence

Check the Subject and Verb in the following sentences. Write True if the sentence has a complete Subject and Verb, and False if the sentence has no Subject, or no Verb.

I lecture at UGM.
English is easy.
The book on the table.
I breakfast at 7 a.m.
My boarding house in front of the campus.
I have three brothers and one sister.
My father job a teacher.
Many students in the library.
The manager in the office with his staff.
In Jogja she life in a dormitory behind the campus.
Last week went fishing to the nearby mountain lake.
Everything available in this new store.
The new computer program has a variety of helpful applications.
Many employees in the cafetaria in the lunch time.
The boy going to the movie with a friend.

Practice 2: Sentence

Translate the following sentences into good English. Identify the subject of each sentence ( Noun, Pronoun, Gerund, or to infinitive.

Sepatuku mahal
Mereka tinggal di rumah kos belakang kampus.
Kemarin saya sakit.
Berjalan sendirian di malam hari berbahaya.
Berenang menghabiskan banyak energy.
Mencintai cewek matre' membuatku bangkrut.
Pacar Andi sangat cantik.
Banyak mahasiswa baru pergi ke kampus naik sepeda motor.
Menjadi orang baik tidak mudah.
Berpuasa itu sehat.

PRACTICE: Dependent and Independent Causes

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PRACTICE: Dependent and Independent Causes

Identify if the sentence is complete or incomplete:

1.	Because it was snowing when we woke up.
2.	A woman whom I admire.
3.	I will meet him before noon.
4.	Before she left for Tokyo.
5.	Although I knew the answer to all the questions.
6.	When did you get your driver's license?
7.	Before you get your driver's license.
8.	The park where we had a picnic was crowded.
9.	Where we saw her standing in the rain.
10.	Since I haven't heard from them for a month.

PRACTICE: Dependent and Independent Causes

2009-03-16T20:29:00.001-07:00

PRACTICE: Dependent and Independent Causes

Identify if each of the following clauses is an independent Clause or a dependent Clause

1.	When we arrived at the airport two hours later.
2.	We arrived at the airport two hours later.
3.	Because the teacher gave such hard exams.
4.	After they got married.
5.	Afterward, they got married.
6.	Which is not any easy thing to do.
7.	Which student got the highest grade?
8.	Whose sun glasses are these?
9.	While I was a student in high school.
10.	Where he parked his car.

An independent clause

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An independent clause is a clause (a group of words containing a subject and a verb) which can stand alone as a sentence. This kind of clause is an independent clause. A simple sentence is one independent clause.

Tom loves Erica.

(Simple Sentence, one independent clause)

Two independent clauses can be joined together by a comma and one of the seven coordinating conjunctions (and, but, so, or, nor, for, yet) to form a compound sentence. Further discussion in in the next chapter.

Examples:

	Bob is eating, and Tom is sleeping.
	Bob is clever, but Tom is stupid.
	You must study hard, or you fail.
	Bob told a joke, so Tom laughed.
	Bob is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.
	We rarely stay in hotels, for we can't afford it.

There are three possible ways of joining independent clauses:

John was sick; he didn't come to school.	independent clauses joined by punctuation
John was sick, so he didn't come to school.	independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction
John was sick; therefore he didn't come to school.	independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb.

A dependent clause

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A dependent clause is a clause (a group of words with a subject and a verb) that does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone. There are different kinds of dependent clauses:

(Dependent Clause adalah clause (kelompok kata dengan Subject dan Verb) yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat). Ada tiga jenis dependent clause:
■ dependent adjective clauses

which is celebrated on May 1st whose child
whose child was kidnapped

■ dependent adverb clauses
before he died
because she loved him

■ dependent noun clauses
that we could go whether it was raining

A dependent clause must be connected to an independent clause in order to make a complete sentence, which is called a complex sentence. Further discussion is in the next chapter.

Sentences

2009-03-07T17:17:00.000-08:00

A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb.A sentence expresses a complete thought. There are four kinds of sentences in English: simple sentence, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. This classification is based on the number and the kind of clauses within a sentence.

1). Simple Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry.

2). Compound Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry and he gave it to his wife.

3). Complex Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry that his wife wanted.

4). Compound-Complex Sentence
	The man bought the jewelry and he gave it to his wife because he wanted to make her more beautiful.

Another classification of sentences is by types:

1.) Declarative Sentences (Statements) : Kalimat Pernyataan
	The girl studies at UMY.

2). Negative Sentences: Kalimat Negatif
	She does not study at UMY.
	She is not a student.

3). Interrogative Sentences (Questions) : Kalimat Tanya
	Does she study at UMY?

4).	Imperative Sentence (Commads, Requests): Kalimat Perintah
	Give me the book!	Help me, please?

5). Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamation): Kalimat Seru
	What a beutiful girl!	What beautiful eyes she has! (What + noun)
	How beautiful she is!	How beautifully she behaves (How+adjective/Adverb)

Clauses

A. Independent Clauses

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. Some clauses can stand alone as a sentence. This kind of clause is an independent clause. (independent clause adalah clause yang bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat). A simple sentence is one independent clause.

Example:

John was sick.

(A sentence with one independent clause)

A compound sentence is two independent clauses joined together by punctuation and a coordinating conjunction.

Examples:

John was sick; he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by punctuation)
John was sick, so he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction)
John was sick; therefore he didn't come to school.	(independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb)

B. Dependent Clauses

A dependent clause is a clause (a group of words with a subject and a verb) that does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone. (Dependent clause adalah clause yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri karena tidak menyatakan pikiran yang lengkap). There are different kinds of dependent clauses:

Adverbial Clause	The concert was canceled *because the soloist became ill*.
Adjective Clause	The student *who gets the highest grades* will receive an award.
Noun Clause	I don't know *whether they still live there*.

PREPOSITION and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

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PREPOSITION and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. A prepositional phrase usually tells where, when, how, or why.

Prepositional Phrase = Preposition + Noun (phrase)

Examples of Prepositional Phrase
from Mexico City in the morning
on December 25 of my sisters
to my best friend around the room
by bus because of the weather

TO INFINITIVE PHRASES

2009-03-05T23:47:00.000-08:00

TO INFINITIVE PHRASES

To Infinitive phrase adalah bentuk 'to+verb' yang diikuti oleh object atau adverb dari verb tersebut.

Look at the TO INFINITIVE as SUBJECT of a sentence.

EXAMPLES

To err is human.

To attempt to climb that peak would be foolish.

To furnish a house is expensive.

To go to Sydney by car takes four hours.

To play the violin well is very difficult.

Such 'to infinitive subjects' appear more commonly after anticipatory 'It'.

It is nice to meet you.

It will make him very happy to ask for more money.

It is a good idea to win the game.

Look at TO INFINITIVE Phrase as OBJECT

Some verbs are usually followed by INFINITIVE as OBJECT. Here are the examples:

I want to eat

I can't afford to stay in a hotel.

He forgot to bring a dictionary.

Look at TO INFINITIVE Phrase as COMPLEMENT

The only thing we can do is to call the police.

Too see her is to love her.

A good way to prepare liver is to broil it.

Look at TO INFINITIVE as ADVERB

I come here to meet your father.

He moved his chair to be closer to her.

We eat to live.

They hired their neighbor to take care of their lawn.

Look at TO INFINITIVE as Appositive Nouns

He asked for only one thing - to be left in peace.

I am aware that a heavy responsibility rests on you, to help support your aging parents.

Practice of To Infinitive Phrase

2009-03-05T23:45:00.000-08:00

PRACTICE: TO INFINITIVE PHRASES

Complete these sentences with TO INFINITIVE PHRASE

1.	To ride a bicycle is .......... ......... ......... .........
2.	To drive a car is .......... ......... ......... ......... .....
3.	To understand calculus requires .......... ...... ......... ....
4.	To speed is .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ...
5.	To get into debt would be ......... ......... ......... ......... .
6.	To swim out too far would be ...... ......... ......... ......... .
7.	To love a materialistic girl is ... ......... ......... ......... ..
8.	......... ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... .. is important.
9.	...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... ..would be fun.
10.	...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... .would be ridiculous.
11	It is difficult ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... ..
12	It is ridiculous ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... ..

PAST PARTICPLE PHRASES

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PAST PARTICPLE PHRASES

Past Participle adalah bentuk V-3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjective atau adverb. Past Participle Phrase adalah bentuk V-3 yang diikuti oleh object atau adverb dari V-3 tesebut. Fungsinya sama seperti adjective atau adverb. Past participle phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adjective asalnya dari adjective clause (passive). Past participle phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adverb asalnya dari adverb clause (passive).

Examples:

*Impressed by the teacher's advice*, Helen concentrated more on her Physics.	past participle phrase as an adverb.
The meal prepared by my young brother was first-rate.	past participle as an adjective

PAST PATICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADVERB

You can join ideas by means of PARTICIPLE PHRASES :

Look at these two ideas:

He was broken-hearted.

He left town.

You can join them in these two ways:

Because he was broken-hearted, he left the town. (Aderb Clause).

Broken-hearted, he left the town. (Past Participle Phrase).

Here are more examples:

Overcome with sadness, Paul refused to go out with the others.

Persuaded by her daughter's pleas, Mrs Williams bought the stereo.

Puzzled by her rudeness, Edward stared at her.

PAST PATICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADJECTIVE

Look at these sentences:

The letter was written last week. It has not yet arrived.

These two ideas can be joined in different ways:

WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

The letter that was written last week has not yet arrived.

PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASE

The letter written last week has not yet arrived.

EXAMPLES Study these:

I have copied the materials taken from many different books.

I have just bought a car made in Germany.

Books printed in Hongkong are cheaper.

Clothes made in Italy are very elegant.

The money left by the old miser went to a cats' home.

The meal prepared by my young brother was delicious.

PRACTICE 2: Past Participle Phrases (as Adverbs)

2009-03-01T19:07:00.000-08:00

PRACTICE 1: Past Participle Phrases (as Adverbs)

A. Complete these sentences by adding MAIN CLAUSES:

Stunned by the news, ...................... ..................... ....................... ......................
Moved by the old man's poverty, ................ .................... ................... ..............
Inspired by his parents' sacrifices, ............ ................. .................. .................
Shattered by the death of his dog, ............. ................... .............. ..................
Overwhelmed by her aunt's generosity, ............ .................. ............. ..............
Dumbfounded by his test results, ............ .............. ............ ............. ................
Excited by the opportunity, .............. .............. ............. ............. ......................
Offended by his sister's comments, ................ .............. ........... .....................

B. Complete these sentences by adding PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASES:

.............. ................... ................... .................. ...................., he applied for the job.
.............. .................. ................. ............ .................., Rory set off for Queensland.
........... ............. ........... ........... ........., Margaret collapsed into the nearest chair.
........ ................. ............... ................. ........... ................, Fika fainted.
............ .......... .................. ............. ......................., Terry stared into his coffee.
............... ............... ............. .................. ............... .................., John hung up.

(Note: All participial phrases must refer to a noun or Pronoun in the Main Clause.)

PRACTICE 2: Past Participle Phrases (as Adjectives)

A. Complete these sentences by adding MAIN CLAUSES:

Bread made from whole meal flour ............ ................. .................. ........... ........
Children encouraged at home .............. ................. ............. ............. ................
Money left lying around .......... ................ ............... ................. ............ ..............
............... ................. ................ ............. ..................... manufactured in Japan.
........... ................. .................. .................... ..................... painted a bright red.
........... ................ ........... ................. ............... ......... dated 18th December last.
............ ..................... ................... .................. ................. picked up at the tip.
............ ............. ............. .............. ........... ........... borrowed from my big sister.

(Remember that your PARTICIPLE PHRASE needs a noun in the MAIN CLAUSE)

B. Complete these sentences by adding PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASES:

I want to buy a car .......... .................. ................... .................. .........................
I like chocolates .............. .................. ................ .............. ................ ...............
Ben has spent all the money............. ............... ............... ............... ................
Have you seen any of the plays ........... .................. ............... .............. .............
The eager shop assistant showed us furniture ......... ......... ......... ........ ...........
Allan has some excellent barramundi ......... ............. ............ ........... ....... ........
Write a report of the experiment ........ .................. ....................... ...................!
I didn't get the score ......... ............ ................. ............. ................... .................

(Note: All participial phrases must refer to a noun or Pronoun in the Main Clause.)

Exercise 1 on Past Participle

2009-03-01T19:04:00.000-08:00

Having given the prescription to the patient,………........................................................

A.	the medicine was taken regularly by the patient
B.	the doctor told patient to take the medicine
C.	the patient took the medicine regularly
D.	the medicine had to be taken regularly by the patient
E.	the patient was told to take the medicine regularly

Constructed from 3000 to 1500 BC , ………................................................................

A.	the pyramids were monumental tombs of Egyptian pharaohs
B.	many tourists come from all over the world to see the pyramids
C.	the Egyptian pharaohs were buried in the pyramids
D.	it was the monumental tombs of Egyptian pharaohs
E.	the Egyptians buried their pharaohs in the monumental pyramids

A truck ….............. with vegetable hit a tree, causing six death.

A.	loaded
B.	it was loading
C.	loading

D.	be loaded
E.	when loaded

The rain ….........… all day and night will surely food the area.

A.	fall
B.	fallen
C.	fell

D.	to fall
E.	falling

His car , ……… from back, crashed into a very deep ravine.

A.	hit
B.	hitting
C.	to hit

D.	to be hitting
E.	to be hit

Talking excitedly to each other, they forgot to finish the exercises.
The underlined words means : ........................…., they forgot to finish the exercises.

A.	Although they talked excitedly
B.	In order that they could talk excitedly
C.	Because they were talking excitedly

D.	When they had talked excitedly
E.	If they talked excitedly

'Having covered the typewriter, she turned the light off.' means : ……................…'

A.	While turning off the light, she covered the typewriter.
B.	She turned the light off when she covered the typewriter.
C.	She covered the typewriter, then she turned the light off.
D.	She turned the light off as she was covering the typewriter.
E.	Since she had turned the light off , she covered the typewriter.

Annoyed by the five hours delay in the plane's departure, Budi wrote an angry letter to the airline.
The underlined words mean : ..........................................….. by the long delay.

A.	after he was annoyed
B.	because he was annoyed
C.	whereas he was annoyed

D.	though he was annoyed
E.	that he was annoyed

The police …............................... the robbery are looking for three men.

A.	are investigating
B.	they investigate
C.	investigating

D.	investigated
E.	investigate

10.

….…...... that it was getting late, we decided to take a taxi.

A.	Realizing
B.	Being realized
C.	To be realized

D.	We had realized
E.	We realized

11.

Having won the first prize in international drawing contest, he was given a scholarship to study abroad.
The underlined words mean : .......................................................

A.	whereas he won the first prize
B.	although he had won the first prize
C.	whenever he has won the first prize

D.	after he had won the first prize
E.	he was winning the first prize

12.

……........... by not more than 40 families, Kampung Naga is a unique village in West Java.

A.	Inhabit
B.	To inhabit
C.	Inhabited

D.	Having inhabited
E.	Inhabiting

13.

Being an outstanding student of our school, he was offered a scholarship to study in Australia.
The underlined words means: ……......................... of our school.

A.	If he is an outstanding student
B.	Although he is an outstanding student
C.	When he is an outstanding student

D.	As he is an outstanding student
E.	Before he is an outstanding student

14.

Not earning enough to support her children after her husband's death, ………….

A.	the woman decided to work in Saudi Arabia
B.	a better-paid job is definitely required
C.	her children need to be trained to work
D.	special training is required to improve her skills
E.	her children should be put into an orphanage

15.

'Having been defeated three times in a row, the boxer decided to give up fighting'.
means ........

A.	Although he was defeated three times in a row, he decided to give up fighting.
B.	He decided to give up fighting after he had been defeated three times in a row.
C.	As he has decided to give up fighting, he was defeated three times in a row.
D.	He decided to give up fighting, so he was defeated three times in a row.
E.	When he decided to give up fighting, he was defeated three times in a row.

16.

Slowly and carefully the police entered the dense forest ............. the robbers' hiding place.

A.	surround
B.	which surrounding
C.	surrounding

D.	surrounded
E.	surrounds

17.

……..…. by a sudden noise, the baby woke up and cried

A.	Startled
B.	In startling
C.	It is startling

D.	To be startled
E.	Startling

18.

I saw the boat …....... from a distance.

A.	to sink
B.	sinking
C.	to be sunk

D.	sank
E.	when sinking

19.

…….............her mistake, the stewardess immediately apologized to the passengers.

A.	Realized
B.	In realizing
C.	Realizes

D.	She realizes
E.	Realizing

20.

…….., the student prepared a report.

A.	Finished his survey
B.	He had finished his survey
C.	He finished his survey

D.	He has finished his survey
E.	Having finished his survey

PAST PARTICPLE PHRASES

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PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASES

Examples:

*Impressed by the teacher's advice*, Helen concentrated more on her Physics.	past participle phrase as an adverb.
The meal prepared by my young brother was first-rate.	past participle as an adjective

PAST PATICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADVERB

You can join ideas by means of PARTICIPLE PHRASES :

Look at these two ideas:

He was broken-hearted.

He left town.

You can join them in these two ways:

Because he was broken-hearted, he left the town. (Aderb Clause).

Broken-hearted, he left the town. (Past Participle Phrase).

Here are more examples:

Overcome with sadness, Paul refused to go out with the others.

Persuaded by her daughter's pleas, Mrs Williams bought the stereo.

Puzzled by her rudeness, Edward stared at her.

PAST PATICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADJECTIVE

Look at these sentences:

The letter was written last week. It has not yet arrived.

These two ideas can be joined in different ways:

WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

The letter that was written last week has not yet arrived.

PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASE

The letter written last week has not yet arrived.

EXAMPLES Study these:

I have copied the materials taken from many different books.

I have just bought a car made in Germany.

Books printed in Hongkong are cheaper.

Clothes made in Italy are very elegant.

The money left by the old miser went to a cats' home.

The meal prepared by my young brother was delicious.

Exercise on PRESENT PARTICPLE PHRASES

2009-02-24T20:09:00.000-08:00

PRACTICE: PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

A. Complete these sentences by supplying a PARTICIPLE PHRASE (as Adjective):

At the zoo I watched a monkey ............ .......... ........... ......
Jack wants to paint an athlete ........... ....... .......... ............ ....
Anyone......... ......... ...... ........ ....... ... should talk to the Registrar.
The police want to interview anyone ...... ............. .......... ........
Do you know the girl ........... .......... ........ ........ .... ...... ......... ?
The men ...... ........ ......... ....... ......... ........ ........... are pickets.
The match ...... .......... .............. ..... ......... ....... .............. is a semi-final.
We caught the criminal ........ ......... ........ . ...... ....... ....... ..
I saw some boys ....... ......... ....... ....... ........... .......... .......... ....
I watched a bonfire ....... ........ ........ ....... ..... .... ...... ..............

B. Join these sentences first with TIME CLAUSES beginning with "after" and "when"; then with PARTICIPLE PHRASES beginning with "after", "after having", and "having":

1.	The police pursued the escapee through the streets of Goulburn. They recaptured him.
	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.
2	Charles Kingsford Smith flew across the Pacific. He became a national hero.
	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.
3	Caroline Chisholm brought about improvements in migrants' conditions. She then turned her attention to the goldflelds.
	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.
4	Peter made some excellent pikelets. Then he gave them all away to his mates
	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASES

2009-02-23T02:43:00.000-08:00

Present Participle adalah bentuk V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai adjective atau adverb.
Present Participle Phrase adalah bentuk V-ing yang diikuti oleh object atau adverb
dari V-ing tesebut. Fungsinya sama yaitu sebagai adjective atau adverb. Participial
phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adjective asalnya dari adjective clause. Participial
phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adverb asalnya dari adverb clause.

Example:

A student *hoping to finish college in three years* must work very hard.	participle phrase as an adjective modifying 'A student'.
*Walking along the street*, I met my first boyfriend.	participle phrase as adverb

PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADJECTIVE

You can join ideas by means of PARTICIPLE PHRASES :

Look at these two ideas:

I photographed the girl. She was sleeping on the grass.

You can join them in these two ways:

I photographed the girl who was sleeping on the grass. (CLAUSE).

I photographed the girl sleeping on the grass. (PHRASE).

OTHER EXAMPLES

I know the student waiting at the bus stop.

The game being played is the last for the season.

Anyone hoping to study abroad needs a high TOEFL Score.

The course being offered is very difficult.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASE AS AN ADVERB

You can also make PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASES for your sentences with

"after" and "before".

Look at these two sentences:

Patricia paid for the video. She had no money left for her bus fare.

These two ideas can be joined in different ways:

WITH CLAUSES

After she had paid for the video,
Patricia had no money left for her bus fare home.

WITH PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASES

After paying for the video,
Patricia had no money left for the bus fare home.

WITH ANOTHER KIND OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASES

After having paid for the video,
Patricia had no money for the bus fare home.

WITH ANOTHER KIND OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASES

Having paid for the video,
Patricia had no money left for the bus fare home.

OTHER EXAMPLES

Hoping to win the race, de Castella quickened his pace.

Tom has spent many years studying the Vietnamese classics.

After doing the dishes, I finally started on my homework.

Not wanting to offend them, I accepted their invitation.

Having worked hard all term, I felt I needed a break.

While working on the Aborigine settlement, Tom learned Pitjanjatjara.

>>>> Practice

PRACTICE: GERUND PHRASE

2009-02-20T02:22:00.000-08:00

PRACTICE: GERUND PHRASE

A.	Check the Gerund Phrase in the following sentences. Tell about the position of the gerund in each sentence (Subj, Obj, Obj of Prep, Complement) and how the gerund phrase is formed (Gerund + ....).

Playing with guns is dangerous.
The shooting of the birds by illegal hunters caused extinction.
By repairing the TV set by himself, he saved a lot of money.
The refugee grieved at having left his wife and children behind.
He suggested eating dinner at the airport.
We thank them for making such a generous contribution.
She is afraid of walking by herself late at night.
I cannot tolerate his constant complaining about everything.
The money for traveling around the country was soon used up.

B. Complete these sentences. All the gerund (phrases) function a subject.

Riding a bicycle is .......... .......... .......... ............. .............. ............ ............ ...........
Driving a car is ............ ....... ............. .......... ............. ............ .......... .......... .......
Understanding calculus requires ........... ........... ........... ........ ........... ....... .......
Speeding is ......... ........... ........... ......... ......... ......... ....... ........... ........ ........... ...
Getting into debt would be ....... ........... ........ ........ ......... ........ ......... ..... ........ ...
Swimming out too far would be ......... ............. ......... ........ .......... ......... ...... ......

GERUND PHRASE

2009-02-20T02:20:00.000-08:00

GERUND PHRASE

Gerund adalah Verb+ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda atau kata kerja yang dibendakan. Sebagai kata benda ia bisa berkedudukan sebagai Subject, Complement, Object of Verb, dan Object of Preposition. Karena asalnya dari kata kerja (Verb), dia tetap memiliki sifat sebagai Verb, seperti bisa memiliki Object, dan/atau Adverb (keterangan). Singkatnya: Gerund = (Ving sebagai Noun)

Gerund Phrase adalah bentuk Gerund yang diikuti oleh object dan/atau Adverb dari Gerund tersebut. Gerund Phrase = (Gerund + Object / Adverb/ prepositional Phrase).

See 'Gerund' in the following Sentences:

1.	Swimming spends lot of energy.	(Subject)
2.	My hobby is swimming.	(Complement)
3.	I like swimming.	(Object)
4.	I am afraid of swimming.	(Object of preposition)

See 'Gerund Phrase' in the following sentences:

1.	(Fishing in the lake) is forbidden.	Gerund + Adverb
2.	(Bringing up that subject) will only cause trouble.	Gerund +Object
3.	(The shooting of the birds) caused a great extinction.	Gerund + prep. Phrs
4.	(Reading comics every day) is not good.	Gerund +Obj. +Adv.

>>>>Practice

TENSES

2009-02-20T02:14:00.000-08:00

TENSES

TENSES: Special verb endings or accompanying auxiliary verbs signal the time an event takes palce.

Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk verbs yang disebabkan oleh waktu kejadian. Secara garis besar waktu kejadian dapat dibedakan menjadi PRESENT dan PAST.

Examples:

Susi *goes* to campus by bus.	Simple PRESENT
I went to Jakarta last week.	Simple PAST

He is reading newspaper.	PRESENT progressive tense
He *was reading* newpaper.	PAST progressive tense

1. Simple Present Tense

Simple present Tense berfungsi untuk menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu peristiwa/ kejadian yang bersifat kebiasaan, yang berulang-ulang, yang permanent / terus-menerus (habits, routines, repeated actions, permanent actions, general truth).

EXAMPLES:

My sister lives in Jakarta.	(permanent)
My boyfriend comes here every Sunday.	(repeated actions)
The earth goes around the sun.	(general truth)

Pola kalimat:

Subject	Verb
They, we, you, I	Verb-1
He, She, It	Verb+es

Keterangan waktu yang sering dipakai: every, once a day, twice a week, three times a month; always, often, usually, sometimes

2. Simple Past Tense

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/ kejadian yang dilakukan/ terjadi di waktu lampau.

Subject + Verb-2

Setiawan went to Spain last year.

Maria did her work last night.
She was sick yesterday

Keterangan waktu: last ……, …..ago, yesterday, this morning, just now, in 1994, etc

3. Present Continuous Tense

Present Progressive Tense atau Present Continuous Tense bisa digunakan untuk:

Menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang ini.

Rita is watching television.

Listen! She is singing a good song.

Menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi segera.

Subject + to be (is/ am/ are) + Veb-ing

Setiawan is leaving for Singapore tomorrow.
I am coming to your house soon.

Keterangan waktu : Now, right now, at present, at this moment, for the time being; Listen! Shhh! Look!, etc

4. Past Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung di waktu lampau pada saat kejadian/ kegiatan lain terjadi.

S + was / were + V-ing

When + (simple past ), past continuous

Past continuous + when + past tense

The engine was running when it suddenly stopped.
When Rina came home, Susi was watching television.

Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan yang berlangsung bersamaan di waktu lampau.

(past continuous) + while + (past continuous)

While + (past continuous), + (past continuous)

Rina was watching television while Susi was reading a book.
While Susi was reading a book, Rina was watching television.

5. Simple Future Tense

Digunakan untuk menceritakan/ menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang.

S + will/ shall + V1

S + is/ am/ are + going to + V1

Catatan : ‘shall’ = umumnya dipakai untuk subyek ‘I’ dan ‘We’
‘will’ = bisa digunakan untuk semua subyek.

Shall/ will = ‘akan’ yang tidak terencana, akan terjadi bilamana suatu kondisi tertentu terpenuhi.
To be + going to = ‘akan’ yang sudah terencana atau sudah pasti.

I shall meet you tomorrow.
I will go and shut it.
He will come if I ask him.
Look at those black cloud! It is going to rain.
Oh, I feel terrible. I think I am going to be sick.

6. Future Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yanga akan sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang.

S + will/ shall + be + V-ing

Football begins at 5.30 and ends at 9.15. Tom will be watching the match at 8.30.
This time next week I will be sailing to Netherland.

Keterangan waktu: this time next ……, at 7 o’clock, tomorrow

7. Present Perfect Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah selesai dilaksanakan. Atau Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan sekarang sudah selesai.

S + have/ has + Verb-3

We have already written our reports.
Rita has already read the entire book.

Keterangn waktu pada pola ini: for, since, already, yet, lately, recently

8. Past Perfect Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/ tindakan yang telah dilakukan di waktu lampau ketika peristiwa lain juga terjadi . Atau pola ini untuk menjelaskan dua kejadian dimana kejadian pertama mendahului kejadian kedua.

S + had + V3

(Past perfect Tense) + before + (Simple Past Tense)

Rina had gone to the store before she went home.

Before + (Simple Past Tense ), + ( Past perfect Tense )

Before Rina went to campus, she had had her breakfast.

After + (Past perfect Tense ) + ( Simple Past Tense )

After Rina had had her breakfast, she went to campus.

(Simple Past Tense) + After + (Past perfect Tense )

Rina went to campus after she had had her breakfast.

8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulainya pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang.

S + have/ has + been+ V-ing

Gunawan has been working in Bandung for three years.
Over the past few years medical doctors have been searching for a drug to control the AIDS virus.
One of my friends has been working in this company since he graduated.
All these years, Rita’s family has been living in poverty.

9. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah dilakukan pada waktu lampau dan kegiatan itu terus berlangsung ketika peristiwa/ kegiatan lain juga terjadi. Atau pola kalimat ini untuk menjelaskan dua kejadian dimana kejadian pertama lebih dulu terjadi dan masih berlangsung hingga muncul kejadian kedua.

S + had been + V-ing

Kate had been living in New York for ten years before she moved to Boston.
Setiawan had been working in the electronic company for five years before he got a new job here.
I had been waiting for a bus for twenty minutes when I met Mr. Rudy.

10. Future Perfect Tense

Digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan/ aktivitas yang terjadi dan selesai pada saat kegiatan lain berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang.

S + will/ shall + be + V3

By the time we come home, the boys will have finished their homework.

I can lend you the book next week because by the time I will have finished reading it.
By the end of this week, I will have been back from Malaysia.

11. Future Perfect Continuous

Pada dasarnya sama dengan future perfect, hanya saja tense ini lebih menekankan pada saat terjadinya peristiwa. Tense ini umumnya mengisyaratkan suatu peristiwa berdurasi di waktu mendatang.

S + will/ shall + have + been + V-ing

Yuni will have been studying all next week.”
I will have been living here for ten years by the end of this year.

Back

Practice on VerbPhrase

2009-02-20T02:13:00.000-08:00

VERB PHRASE

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Saya akan datang kerumahmu besok pagi.
2. Lantai ruangan ini dibersihkan setiap hari.
3. Anak-anak sedang menonton televisi di ruang tamu.
4. Kita sudah menyelesaikan semua tugas tugas bahasa Inggris.
5. Hasil ujian akan diumumkan empat hari lagi.
6. Sepeda motorku sudah dijual.
7. Kita sudah (sedang) belajar bahasa Inggris selama lebih dari lima tahun.
8. Salah satu pelamar kerja sedang diwawancarai oleh direktur perusahaan.
9. Anda seharusnya sudah memberitahu informasi ini kepada seluruh mahasiswa.
10. Informasi ini seharusnya sudah diberitahukan kepada seluruh mahasiswa.

VERB PHRASE

2009-02-19T02:07:00.000-08:00

VERB PHRASE

Verb dalam suatu kalimat bisa single (sendiri) atau dalam kelompok (phrase). Sebagai contoh untuk menceritakan sesuatu yang bersifat kebiasaan (habit, routines), kita menggunakan Verb-1 atau Verb+es saja. Tetapi, untuk menceritakan sesuatu yang sedang berlangsung (dalam proses) kita menggunakan 'to be + V-ing' dan gabungan itu dinamakan verb phrase. Verb phrase yang dimaksud disini adalah gabungan antara dua unsur atau lebih dari modal, perfect, to be, dan main verb.

He plays football everyday. (Single Verb)

They are playing football now. (Verb Phrase)

1. MODAL	2. PERFECT	3. TO BE (Active)	4. TO BE (Passive)	5. MAIN VERB
can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, have/has/had to, ought to,	have, has, had	is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being.	is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being	a. Verb-1
				b. Verb-ing
				c. Verb-3

Berikut aturan umumnya:

Modal diikuti Verb1
Perfect diikuti oleh Verb-3
To Be diikuti oleh V-ing jika bermakna aktif (sedang).
To Be diikuti Verb-3 jika bermakna pasif (di../ter....)
Urutan penyusunan selalu mengutamakan yang bernomor kecil terlebih dulu.
Dalam kalimat yang bermakna 'sedang di ..' menggunakan 2 'to be', yang kedua pasti 'being'

Perhatikan pengunaan Verb Phrase dalam kalimat-kalimat berikut:

1.	He can repair his own bike.	(1+5a)
	Dia dapat memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri.
2.	He has repaired his own bike.	(2+5c)
	Dia sudah memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri.
3.	He is repairing his own bike.	(3+5b)
	Dia sedang memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri.
4.	The bike was repaired by him.	(3+5c)
	Sepeda itu diperbaiki oleh diai.
5.	He will be repairing the bike.	(1+3+5b)
	Dia akan sedang memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri.
6.	The bike will be repaired by him.	(1+3+5c)
	Sepeda itu akan diperbaiki oleh dia.
7.	He has been repairing his own bike	(2+3+5b)
	Dia sudah sedang memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri.
8.	The bike has been repaired.	(2+3+5c)
	Sepeda itu sudah diperbaiki.
9.	The bike is being repaired.	(3+4+5b)
	Sepeda itu sedang diperbaiki.
10.	He should have been repairing his own bike.	(1+2+3+5b)
	Dia seharusnya sudah sedang memperbaiki sepedanya sendiri.
11.	The bike should have been repaired.	(1+2+4+5c)
	Sepeda itu seharusnya sudah diperbaiki.
12.	The bike will be being repaired.	(1+3+4+5c)
	Sepeda itu akan sedang diperbaiki.
13.	The bike should be being repaired.	(2+3+4+5c)
	Sepeda itu seharusnya sedang diperbaiki sepedanya sendiri.
14.	The bike should have been being repaired.	(1+2+3+4+5c)

Dari beberapa kombinasi 'Verb Phrase' tersebut diatas, sebagian Verb Phrase memiliki frekuensi pemakaian yang tinggi, sedangkan yang lainnya mungkin lebih jarang. Pembentukan 'Verb Phrase' selalu berkaitan dengan waktu (Tenses).